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Chapter 1: Introduction Energy is important to society for everyday tasks and processes. Non-renewable carbon fuels, such as oil and coal, are most commonly used for the production of energy (Odell, 1999). Finding energy alternatives to fossil fuels is a growing need due to their global depletion and negative environmental impacts (Qureshi, 2010). An increasing alternative to fossil fuels are biofuels. Biofuels are an energy source created from renewable organic material (Odell, 1999). Burning biofuels is favorable to fossil fuels because they are considered carbon cycle neutral ("Carbon cycle 2.0," ND). Biofuels can come from many different organic materials like corn crops, leftover organic waste, algae, and other microorganisms (Qureshi, 2010). Currently, the main biofuels being produced or developed to substitute fossil fuels are ethanol, butanol, hydrogen and biodiesel (Fortman et al., 2008). Chemical engineers have an important role in the development of biofuels. In addition to researching innovative processes to make biofuels, testing the feasibility of up scaling a process for commercial use is vital for future application. Determining if large- scale production is possible begins with modeling the behavior and energy outputs of the reaction and separation processes using various simulation programs. The next steps involve collecting experimental data and developing models to predict trends. These trends can help to evaluate the feasibility of upscaling the bench scale reactor. Adjusting and changing the process on a small scale is easier and important to complete before carefully scaling up the process to a pilot plant and eventually a full scale manufacturing plant. Currently, ethanol is the most widely used biofuel, as it is economically feasible to manufacture on a large scale and easily produced through fermenting corn or other crops ("Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel," ND). Legislation is trying to increase the amount of ethanol in gasoline from the current 10% to further reduce harmful carbon emissions ("Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel," ND). However, ethanol might not be the most effective option since it is less economical to create than gasoline from petroleum and stores less available energy (Qureshi, 2010). Tax breaks have been implemented on ethanol manufacturing to incentivize industry production, yet it is still less lucrative than creating gasoline ("Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel," ND). Other biofuel options can potentially 9PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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