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Henley, 1998). Now SFE is one of the most popular separation methods used on an analytical and preparative scale (Herrero, Mendiola, Cifuentes, & Ibáñez, 2010). The development and advancement of process equipment to support supercritical conditions and recent research on “the assessment of the industrial economical feasibility” on some developed processes shows growing interest in SFE use in industry (Herrero et al., 2010). 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of SFE There are distinct advantages to SFE over other forms of separation such as distillation, gas stripping, adsorption, or evaporation. A wide variety of components can be recovered, at high yields, from a mixture when using a supercritical solvent that the desired substance is soluble in (Rahimi, Prado, Zahedi, & Meireles, 2011). Another advantage to using SFE is how easy it is to separate the product from the solvent by deviating from the critical pressure and temperature (Özkal, Salgın, & Yener, 2005). However, there are disadvantages to SFE. While SFE equipment is advancing and becoming more available, it requires a high investment to upscale a SFE process to manufacturing scale (Rahimi et al., 2011). There is also no recognized model or standard method to evaluate the cost of making a SFE process on an industrial scale (Rosa & Meireles, 2005). Beyond economic barriers, it is challenging to scale up a SFE lab processes because it is necessary to predict, usually via a model, the mass transfer and solubility behavior of the system on a large scale (Özkal et al., 2005). For these reasons, SFE has become a popular technique for small-scale experimentation and is not as common in industry. 2.2.2 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as an Extraction Solvent Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is the most commonly used supercritical fluid in SFE processes (Herrero et al., 2010). There are many advantages to selecting scCO2 as the extracting solvent, the main benefits revolving around safety. scCO2 is non-toxic to humans and non-explosive (Özkal et al., 2005). In addition, scCO2 has been considered more environmentally friendly compared to other typical organic solvents (Herrero et al., 2010). Economically, scCO2 is cost effective and is one of the cheapest supercritical fluids to purchase (Özkal et al., 2005). Lastly, its chemical properties cause scCO2 to have high solvent strength for non-polar compounds (Herrero et al., 2010). However, due to low 18PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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