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created for a system, it can be used to scale-up the procedure or run it with other variables (Tai & Wu, 2005). 2.3.2 Transportation Through a Cell Membrane The amount of butanol that an organism produces and releases, from its cell membrane, needs to be estimated to determine the concentration of butanol in the reactor. Because we did not run the reactor with the organism present, a model of the mass transfer through a cell membrane was created. It is assumed that the surrounding layer (water) is stagnant fluid as well as a perfect sphere, shown in Figure 2.4 (Clark & Blanch, 1997). Figure 2.4: Mass transfer across a cell membrane (Modified from Clark & Blanch) (2.8) πππ π πππππ ππππππ‘π = πΎπΏπβ( π )β(ππ βπ) πππππ Using equation 2.8, the transfer rate of butanol can be calculated with the given transfer coefficient, KL, surface area to volume ratio of the cell, a, and the ratio of the cells volume to the solution (Peet et al., 2015). The initial bulk concentration can be assumed to be one hundred percent butanol, with the substrate concentration unknown (Clark & Blanch, 1997). 2.3.3 Butanol Phase Equilibrium The processes of extracting alcohols or aldehydes, from water, using supercritical carbon dioxide relies heavily on the phase equilibrium of the ternary system. Experiments have been performed to determine phase equilibrium between ternary systems, in particular, n-butanol, water and carbon dioxide (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). A range of pressures were examined, from 2-15MPa, with temperatures of either 313 or 333K (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). Results were modeled using a density dependent mixing rule with a cubic equation of state (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). At the lower pressure (2MPa), the solubility of the three binary systems within the ternary system (water and n- 22PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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