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butanol, water and carbon dioxide, n-butanol and carbon dioxide) is low. As pressure increases, carbon dioxide and n-butanol become more soluble, while water and carbon dioxide or n-butanol do not change. Once pressure is increased to 10MPa (critical pressure of carbon dioxide), n-butanol becomes very soluble with supercritical carbon dioxide, which is shown in a complete change of the phase diagram (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). Models showed similar trends for the different temperatures, except the effects of pressure are increased at 333K (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). Changes in temperature 333K, 343K and 353K, with two different pressures (60 and 80 bar or 780 and 1160 PSI) have been examined for the ternary system of n-butanol, water and carbon dioxide (Chen, Chang, & Chen, 2002). When pressure varied, with constant temperature, it was found, similarly to the 1986 paper (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986), the solubility between carbon dioxide and n-butanol increased. However, when increasing temperature with constant pressure, it was found that the solubility of carbon dioxide and n-butanol decreased (Chen et al., 2002). Also, the solubility of water and n-butanol increased (Chen et al., 2002). In addition, the solubility of water and n-butanol increased, resulting in high temperature being unfavorable for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. 2.3.4 Ideal Conditions for Extraction From literature, the ideal conditions for extracting butanol using supercritical carbon dioxide can be determined. The pressure should be set to 1500 PSI (or ~100 bar). This is the lowest pressure where the phase diagram for the ternary system of carbon dioxide, water and butanol changes dramatically, showing that carbon dioxide and butanol are much more soluble at lower pressures in the critical region (Panagiotopoulos & Reid, 1986). The reactor temperature should be set to 313K (40 Celsius). This is the lowest temperature that allows carbon dioxide to become supercritical, which is needed for butanol extraction. The lowest temperature should be used because at higher temperatures (353K), water and butanol becomes more soluble, making extraction less effective (Chen et al., 2002). Figure 2.5 depicts the phase diagram for CO2 ("The Freezing Point And The Dew Point – Part 2," 2010). The low temperature, high pressure operating conditions are not only the best extraction conditions, but also the most energy efficient, leaving no 23PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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