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EXTRACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN FROM SEAWATER BY AN ELECTROLYTIC CATION EXCHANGE MODULE (E-CEM) PART V: E-CEM EFFLUENT DISCHARGE COMPOSITION AS A FUNCTION OF ELECTRODE WATER COMPOSITION 1.0 BACKGROUND The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing the technologies to produce operational fuel from environmental carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) on land and at sea to enhance Navy combat capability and provide greater energy security. Synthesizing drop in replacements for petroleum-derived fuel at or near the point of use translates into “Freedom of Action for the Warfighter.” This potential “game changing” proposition could offer the Navy significant logistical, operational, and cost advantages by reducing dependence on foreign sources of fuel, minimizing fuel logistic tails and their vulnerabilities, maximizing warfighting efforts, and meeting alternative energy goals set forth by SECNAV. These goals require that 50 percent of DON energy requirements at sea and on shore be derived from alternative (non-petroleum) resources by 2020. These goals seek to enhance combat capabilities and provide greater energy security while having a minimal impact on the environment. Technologies currently exist to synthesize hydrocarbon fuel on land given sufficient primary energy resources such as coal, natural gas, or biomass [1,2]. The Navy is currently certifying naval engines to operate on alternative fuels from land-based resources (i.e. algae, camelina, switch grass, coal liquids, and natural gas to liquids). However, these resources are not practical for remote littoral locations or sea-based operations since the resources must be delivered from land to the point of use. Through the current support of NRL’s 6.1 basic research program and OPNAV N45, NRL continues to conduct the sustained basic and applied research necessary to develop the chemistries required to produce alternative low carbon liquid fuel from feedstocks found in seawater using electricity as the primary energy source. Developing the technologies to extract CO2 from seawater is part of a larger project to synthesis drop in replacement fuel for petroleum- derived fuel on land or at sea [3-11]. In 2009 NRL re-configured a commercial chlorine dioxide generation module to function as an electrolytic cation exchange module (E-CEM) for the purposes of exploiting seawater’s pH as an indirect approach to recovery of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate from seawater. The novel hybrid process takes advantage of Continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) electroregeneration mechanisms and ion transport properties to control and reduce seawater pH [3-6, 8, 9]. Simultaneously, the process produces hydrogen gas through electrolytic dissociation of water in the cathode compartment [3-6, 8, 9]. Exploiting seawater’s pH is an indirect approach to recovery of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate from the equilibrium conditions of CO2 in seawater as shown in equations 1 and 2 [12]. The protons generated in the process acidify the seawater from pH 7.8 to pH 6.0. Johnson, et al demonstrated that when the pH of seawater is decreased to 6 or less, carbonate and bicarbonate _______________ Manuscript approved July 5, 2017. 1PDF Image | Extraction CO2 H2 in Seawater Electrolytic Cation Exchange
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