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7. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS.................................................................................................. 7-1 7.1 CELL COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................... 7-2 7.1.1 Electrolyte Materials .......................................................................................... 7-2 7.1.2 Anode Materials ................................................................................................. 7-3 7.1.3 Cathode Materials .............................................................................................. 7-5 7.1.4 Interconnect Materials ........................................................................................ 7-6 7.1.5 Seal Materials ..................................................................................................... 7-9 7.2 CELL AND STACK DESIGNS ........................................................................................... 7-13 7.2.1 Tubular SOFC .................................................................................................. 7-13 7.2.1.1 Performance........................................................................................7-20 7.2.2 Planar SOFC..................................................................................................... 7-31 7.2.2.1 Single Cell Performance...................................................................... 7-35 7.2.2.2 StackPerformance...............................................................................7-39 7.2.3 Stack Scale-Up ................................................................................................. 7-41 7.3 SYSTEM CONSIDERA TIONS ............................................................................................ 7-45 7.4 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 7-45 8. FUEL CELL SYSTEMS............................................................................................................ 8-1 8.1 SYSTEM PROCESSES ........................................................................................................ 8-2 8.1.1 Fuel Processing .................................................................................................. 8-2 8.2 POWER 8.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Power Conditioning Systems................................... 8-28 8.2.2 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Dedicated Load [2,3,4]............. 8-29 8.2.3 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying Backup Power to a Load Connected to a Local Utility ............................................................................ 8-34 8.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Load Operating in Parallel With the Local Utility (Utility Interactive) ...................................................... 8-37 8.2.5 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Connecting Directly to the Local Utility ...... 8-37 8.2.6 Power Conditioners for Automotive Fuel Cells ............................................... 8-39 8.2.7 Power Conversion Architecture for a Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Interfaced With a Local Utility.......................................................................................... 8-41 8.2.8 Fuel Cell Ripple Current .................................................................................. 8-43 8.2.9 System Issues: Power Conversion Cost and Size............................................. 8-44 8.2.10 REFERENCES (Sections 8.1 and 8.2) ................................................................. 8-45 8.3 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION ................................................................................................. 8-46 8.3.1 Pressure ............................................................................................................ 8-46 8.3.2 Temperature ..................................................................................................... 8-48 8.3.3 Utilization......................................................................................................... 8-49 8.3.4 Heat Recovery .................................................................................................. 8-50 8.3.5 Miscellaneous................................................................................................... 8-51 8.3.6 Concluding Remarks on System Optimization ................................................ 8-51 8.4 FUEL CELL SYSTEM DESIGNS........................................................................................ 8-52 8.4.1 Natural Gas Fueled PEFC System ................................................................... 8-52 8.4.2 Natural Gas Fueled PAFC System ................................................................... 8-53 8.4.3 Natural Gas Fueled Internally Reformed MCFC System................................. 8-56 8.4.4 Natural Gas Fueled Pressurized SOFC System................................................ 8-58 8.4.5 Natural Gas Fueled Multi-Stage Solid State Power Plant System ................... 8-62 8.4.6 Coal Fueled SOFC System............................................................................... 8-66 8.4.7 Power Generation by Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine System .............. 8-70 8.4.8 Heat and Fuel Recovery Cycles ....................................................................... 8-70 CONDITIONING .................................................................................................. 8-27 vPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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