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8.5 FUEL CELL NETWORKS ................................................................................................. 8-82 8.5.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Networks: Principles, Analysis and Performance ..................................................................................................... 8-82 8.5.2 MCFC Network................................................................................................ 8-86 8.5.3 Recycle Scheme ............................................................................................... 8-86 8.5.4 Reactant Conditioning Between Stacks in Series............................................. 8-86 8.5.5 Higher Total Reactant Utilization .................................................................... 8-87 8.5.6 Disadvantages of MCFC Networks.................................................................. 8-88 8.5.7 Comparison of Performance............................................................................. 8-88 8.5.8 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 8-89 8.6 HYBRIDS ........................................................................................................................ 8-89 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 8.7 FUEL 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.7.4 8.7.5 8.7.6 Technology....................................................................................................... 8-89 Projects ............................................................................................................. 8-92 World’s First Hybrid Project............................................................................ 8-93 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) ...................................................................... 8-93 CELL AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS ..................................................................... 8-96 System Performance Requirements.................................................................. 8-97 Technology Status ............................................................................................ 8-98 System Configuration and Technology Issues ................................................. 8-99 System Cost Considerations ........................................................................... 8-102 SOFC System Cost Structure ......................................................................... 8-103 Outlook and Conclusions ............................................................................... 8-104 8.8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 8-104 9. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 UNIT OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1.1 Fuel Cell Calculations ........................................................................................ 9-1 9.1.2 Fuel Processing Calculations ........................................................................... 9-13 9.1.3 Power Conditioners .......................................................................................... 9-16 9.1.4 Others ............................................................................................................... 9-16 9.2 SYSTEM ISSUES.............................................................................................................. 9-16 9.2.1 Efficiency Calculations .................................................................................... 9-17 9.2.2 Thermodynamic Considerations....................................................................... 9-19 9.3 SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................ 9-22 9.4 COST CALCULATIONS.................................................................................................... 9-25 9.4.1 Cost of Electricity............................................................................................. 9-25 9.4.2 Capital Cost Development ............................................................................... 9-26 9.5 COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS ................................................................................. 9-27 9.6 AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN CALCULATIONS ......................................................................... 9-28 9.7 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 9-29 10. APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS ............................................................................................ 10-1 10.2 CONTAMINANTS FROM COAL GASIFICATION................................................................ 10-2 10.3 SELECTED MAJOR FUEL CELL REFERENCES, 1993 TO PRESENT................................... 10-4 10.4 LIST OF SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................ 10-10 10.5 FUEL CELL RELATED CODES AND STANDARDS .......................................................... 10-14 10.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 10-14 10.5.2 Organizations ................................................................................................. 10-15 10.5.3 Codes & Standards ......................................................................................... 10-16 10.5.4 Codes and Standards for Fuel Cell Manufacturers......................................... 10-17 viPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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