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Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)

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Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition) ( fuel-cell-handbook-seventh-edition )

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Figure Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10 Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13 Figure 1-14 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 Figure 2-10 Figure 2-11 Figure 2-12 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 LIST OF FIGURES Title Page Schematic of an Individual Fuel Cell................................................................... 1-2 Expanded View of a Basic Fuel Cell Unit in a Fuel Cell Stack (1)..................... 1-4 Fuel Cell Power Plant Major Processes ................................................................ 1-7 Relative Emissions of PAFC Fuel Cell Power Plants Compared to Stringent Los Angeles Basin Requirements ...................................................................... 1-13 PC-25 Fuel Cell.................................................................................................. 1-16 Combining the SOFC with a Gas Turbine Engine to Improve Efficiency ........ 1-19 Overview of Fuel Cell Activities Aimed at APU Applications ......................... 1-24 Overview of APU Applications ......................................................................... 1-24 Overview of typical system requirements.......................................................... 1-25 Stage of development for fuel cells for APU applications ................................ 1-26 Overview of subsystems and components for SOFC and PEFC systems ......... 1-28 Simplified process flow diagram of pre-reformer/SOFC system ...................... 1-29 Multilevel system modeling approach ............................................................... 1-30 Projected Cost Structure of a 5kWnet APU SOFC System. ............................. 1-32 H2/O2 Fuel Cell Ideal Potential as a Function of Temperature ............................ 2-5 Effect of fuel utilization on voltage efficiency and overall cell efficiency for typical SOFC operating conditions (800 °C, 50% initial hydrogen concentration). ................................................................................................... 2-10 Ideal and Actual Fuel Cell Voltage/Current Characteristic ............................... 2-11 Example of a Tafel Plot ..................................................................................... 2-13 Example of impedance spectrum of anode-supported SOFC operated at 850 °C. ............................................................................................................... 2-14 Contribution to Polarization of Anode and Cathode.......................................... 2-17 V oltage/Power Relationship .............................................................................. 2-19 The Variation in the Reversible Cell Voltage as a Function of Reactant Utilization .......................................................................................................... 2-23 Overview of Levels of Fuel Cell Models........................................................... 2-26 Conours of Current Density on Electrolyte ....................................................... 2-31 Typical Phenomena Considered in a 1-D Model (17) ....................................... 2-32 Overview of types of electrode models (9)........................................................ 2-33 (a) Schematic of Representative PEFC (b) Single Cell Structure of Representative PEFC ........................................................................................... 3-2 PEFC Schematic (4, 5)......................................................................................... 3-3 Polarization Curves for 3M 7 Layer MEA (12)................................................... 3-7 Endurance Test Results for Gore Primea 56 MEA at Three Current Densities............................................................................................................. 3-10 Multi-Cell Stack Performance on Dow Membrane (9)...................................... 3-12 Effect on PEFC Performance of Bleeding Oxygen into the Anode Compartment (1) ................................................................................................ 3-13 Evolutionary Changes in PEFCs Performance [(a) H2/O2, (b) H2/Air, (c) Reformate Fuel/Air, (d) H2/unkown)] [24, 10, 12, , ] .................................. 3-14 viii

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