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1. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW This chapter provides an overview of fuel cell technology. First it discusses the basic workings of fuel cells and basic fuel cell system components. Then, an overview of the main fuel cell types, their characteristics, and their development status is provided. Finally, this chapter reviews potential fuel cell applications. 1.1 Introduction Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy in fuels into electrical energy directly, promising power generation with high efficiency and low environmental impact. Because the intermediate steps of producing heat and mechanical work typical of most conventional power generation methods are avoided, fuel cells are not limited by thermodynamic limitations of heat engines such as the Carnot efficiency. In addition, because combustion is avoided, fuel cells produce power with minimal pollutant. However, unlike batteries the reductant and oxidant in fuel cells must be continuously replenished to allow continuous operation. Fuel cells bear significant resemblance to electrolyzers. In fact, some fuel cells operate in reverse as electrolyzers, yielding a reversible fuel cell that can be used for energy storage. Though fuel cells could, in principle, process a wide variety of fuels and oxidants, of most interest today are those fuel cells that use common fuels (or their derivatives) or hydrogen as a reductant, and ambient air as the oxidant. Most fuel cell power systems comprise a number of components: • Unit cells, in which the electrochemical reactions take place • Stacks, in which individual cells are modularly combined by electrically connecting the cells to form units with the desired output capacity • Balance of plant which comprises components that provide feedstream conditioning (including a fuel processor if needed), thermal management, and electric power conditioning among other ancillary and interface functions In the following, an overview of fuel cell technology is given according to each of these categories, followed by a brief review of key potential applications of fuel cells. 1-1PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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