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As a consequence, the electrodes are typically porous and made of an electrically conductive material. At low temperatures, only a few relatively rare and expensive materials provide sufficient electro-catalytic activity, and so such catalysts are deposited in small quantities at the interface where they are needed. In high-temperature fuel cells, the electro-catalytic activity of the bulk electrode material is often sufficient. Though a wide range of fuel cell geometries has been considered, most fuel cells under development now are either planar (rectangular or circular) or tubular (either single- or double- ended and cylindrical or flattened). 1.3 Fuel Cell Stacking For most practical fuel cell applications, unit cells must be combined in a modular fashion into a cell stack to achieve the voltage and power output level required for the application. Generally, the stacking involves connecting multiple unit cells in series via electrically conductive interconnects. Different stacking arrangements have been developed, which are described below. 1.3.1 Planar-BipolarStacking The most common fuel cell stack design is the so-called planar-bipolar arrangement (Figure 1-2 depicts a PAFC). Individual unit cells are electrically connected with interconnects. Because of the configuration of a flat plate cell, the interconnect becomes a separator plate with two functions: 1) to provide an electrical series connection between adjacent cells, specifically for flat plate cells, and 2) to provide a gas barrier that separates the fuel and oxidant of adjacent cells. In many planar-bipolar designs, the interconnect also includes channels that distribute the gas flow over the cells. The planar-bipolar design is electrically simple and leads to short electronic current paths (which helps to minimize cell resistance). Figure 1-2 Expanded View of a Basic Fuel Cell Unit in a Fuel Cell Stack (1) 1-4PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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