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Planar-bipolar stacks can be further characterized according to arrangement of the gas flow: • Cross-flow. Air and fuel flow perpendicular to each other • Co-flow. Air and fuel flow parallel and in the same direction. In the case of circular cells, this means the gases flow radially outward • Counter-flow. Air and fuel flow parallel but in opposite directions. Again, in the case of circular cells this means radial flow • Serpentine flow. Air or fuel follow a zig-zag path • Spiral flow. Applies to circular cells The choice of gas-flow arrangement depends on the type of fuel cell, the application, and other considerations. Finally, the manifolding of gas streams to the cells in bipolar stacks can be achieved in various ways: • Internal: the manifolds run through the unit cells • Integrated: the manifolds do not penetrate the unit cells but are integrated in the interconnects • External: the manifold is completely external to the cell, much like a wind-box 1.3.2 StackswithTubularCells Especially for high-temperature fuel cells, stacks with tubular cells have been developed. Tubular cells have significant advantages in sealing and in the structural integrity of the cells. However, they represent a special geometric challenge to the stack designer when it comes to achieving high power density and short current paths. In one of the earliest tubular designs the current is conducted tangentially around the tube. Interconnects between the tubes are used to form rectangular arrays of tubes. Alternatively, the current can be conducted along the axis of the tube, in which case interconnection is done at the end of the tubes. To minimize the length of electronic conduction paths for individual cells, sequential series connected cells are being developed. The cell arrays can be connected in series or in parallel. For a more detailed description of the different stack types and pictorial descriptions, the reader is referred to Chapter 7 on SOFC (SOFC is the fuel cell type for which the widest range of cell and stack geometries is pursued). To avoid the packing density limitations associated with cylindrical cells, some tubular stack designs use flattened tubes. 1.4 Fuel Cell Systems In addition to the stack, practical fuel cell systems require several other sub-systems and components; the so-called balance of plant (BoP). Together with the stack, the BoP forms the fuel cell system. The precise arrangement of the BoP depends heavily on the fuel cell type, the fuel choice, and the application. In addition, specific operating conditions and requirements of individual cell and stack designs determine the characteristics of the BoP. Still, most fuel cell systems contain: 1-5PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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