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Gasoline or Diesel Preheat Mixer Fuel Cell Anode Anode Recycle Q water Air Reformer Sulfur removal Cathode Burner Flow Splitter Figure 1-12. Simplified process flow diagram of pre-reformer/SOFC system Due to the operating requirements of PEFC stack technology, shift reactors and a carbon monoxide removal step are required to produce reformate of sufficient quality. Similarly, the stack operating temperature and its humidity requirements require a water management system as well as radiators for heat rejection. Some developers use pressurized systems to benefit from higher reactant partial pressures on both anode and cathode. Fuel processing for PEFC APU systems is identical to that needed in residential power or propulsion applications. The additional issue for PEFC is the minimization of steam needed for the fuel processor system. Since an APU is a mobile and/or remote unit, the need for external sources of water should be minimized. The reformate stream is further diluted by additional steam, if that water is not removed prior to the fuel cell stack. Another design integration issue in PEFC systems is water management to hydrate the electrolyte and provide the necessary steam for reforming and water-gas shift operations. Additional steam may be required for the CO clean-up device. Some reformate-based PEFC systems are run under pressure to increase the partial pressure of reactants for the PEFC anode and cathode, increasing efficiency. Pressure operation also aids in heat integration for the internal generation of steam at pressures greater than atmospheric (i.e. steam generated at temperatures greater than 100°C). PEFC system integration involves combining a reformer (either exothermic or endothermic at ~850-1000 °C), shift reactors (exothermic, 150-500 °C), CO-cleanup (primarily exothermic, 50-200 °C), and the fuel cell stack (exothermic, 80 °C). Each reaction zone operates at a significantly different temperature, thus providing a challenge for system integration and heat rejection. To alleviate some of these drawbacks and further reduce the cost of the PEFC systems, developers are investigating the possibility of using higher temperature membranes (e.g. operating slightly above 100 °C). This would increase the carbon monoxide tolerance, potentially simplifying the fuel processor design, and simplify the heat rejection. 1-29PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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