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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0% cell efficiency 0% Voltage Efficiency / Nerst Voltage (V) 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Fuel Utilization Figure 2-2 Effect of fuel utilization on voltage efficiency and overall cell efficiency for typical SOFC operating conditions (800 °C, 50% initial hydrogen concentration). 2.5 Actual Performance The actual cell potential is decreased from its ideal potential because of several types of irreversible losses, as shown in Figure 2-32. These losses are often referred to as polarization, overpotential or overvoltage, though only the ohmic losses actually behave as a resistance. Multiple phenomena contribute to irreversible losses in an actual fuel cell: • Activation-related losses. These stem from the activation energy of the electrochemical reactions at the electrodes. These losses depend on the reactions at hand, the electro-catalyst material and microstructure, reactant activities (and hence utilization), and weakly on current density. • Ohmic losses. Ohmic losses are caused by ionic resistance in the electrolyte and electrodes, electronic resistance in the electrodes, current collectors and interconnects, and contact resistances. Ohmic losses are proportional to the current density, depend on materials selection and stack geometry, and on temperature. • Mass-transport-related losses. These are a result of finite mass transport limitations rates of the reactants and depend strongly on the current density, reactant activity, and electrode structure. In the V-I diagram, especially for low-temperature fuel cells, the effects of the three loss categories are often easy to distinguish, as illustrated in Figure 2-3. 2 Activation region and concentration region are more representative of low-temperature fuel cells. 2-10 Efficiency (based on HHV) Nernst Voltage (V)PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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