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Theoretical EMF or Ideal Voltage Region of Activation Polarization (Reaction Rate Loss) 1.0 0.5 0 Figure 2-3 Total Loss Region of Concentration Polarization (Gas Transport Loss) Region of Ohmic Polarization (Resistance Loss) Operation Voltage, V, Curve Current Density (mA/cm2) Ideal and Actual Fuel Cell Voltage/Current Characteristic In high-temperature fuel cells, the activation-related losses are often much less significant, and hence the characteristic concave portion of the V-I curve is hard to distinguish. In addition, as transport-related losses play a more important role, the convex portion of the curve often extends further to the left. Although it is tempting to characterize all losses in the cell as an equivalent resistance, only the ohmic losses actually behave that way, by definition. The ohmic loss depends only on cell geometry, the materials used, and the operating temperature. The other losses depend strongly on reactant concentrations (and hence fuel utilization) and thus they change within cells operated at finite fuel utilization. Attempts to include these types of polarization into the cell resistance more often than not lead to confusion and misinterpretation. This consideration has several ramifications for fuel cell engineers attempting to utilize single-cell data for stack or system design: • Activation and concentration polarization data presented are generally only valid for that particular cell and operating geometry. • A mathematical model will generally be required to interpret activation and concentration polarization data and translate it into data useful for stack engineers. • Detailed reactant concentration information (including utilization) is essential for interpretation of activation and concentration polarization data. In practice, sound interpretation for translation to practical cell designs, sizes, and operating conditions is only possible when data is acquired with very low utilization (typically less than 5%), and for many reactant inlet partial pressures. • Much of the single-cell data presented and published is taken at finite utilization. While useful for qualitative comparisons between cells, this data is generally not usable for further stack engineering. 2-11 Cell VoltagePDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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