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supported the development of a number of models of this kind (10), while national laboratories and private companies have developed their own versions of this type of software. Another well-known type of value-in-use model is the well-to-wheels analysis, in which the energy consumption, environmental impact, and sometimes cost of different transportation options are compared considering all steps from the primary resource to the vehicle. This type of model is commonly used to evaluate hydrogen PEFC vehicles. Argonne National Laboratories’ GREET model (11) is the most widely used of these models. A critical subset of value-in-use models is that used to help establish the manufacturing cost of fuel cells. Several developers have created detailed manufacturing cost models for PEFC and SOFC over the past years (12, 13, 14), the results of which are widely used both in value-in-use models and for business planning. These models typically consider the individual processing steps required to produce particular cell and stack geometries at a given production volume (usually high production volumes). Based on estimates of the material costs, capital cost, and labor requirements for each process step, an estimate of the stack cost is developed. Costs of other components and sub-systems are determined based on a combination of vendor quotes and other manufacturing sub-models. 2.7.2 ApplicationModels Fuel cell application models are used to assess the interactions between the fuel cell power system and the application environment. The most common use is in vehicle applications where the dynamic interactions between the power system and the vehicle are too complex to analyze without the help of a mathematical model. Several commercial providers of dynamic vehicle modeling software have developed Fuel Cell modules (e.g. Gamma Technologies’ GT Power, MSC Software’s MSC.EASY5 and others). The best-published vehicle simulator of this type is ADVISOR (Advanced VehIcle SimulatOR) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and now commercialized by AVL (15). The model assesses the performance and fuel economy of conventional, electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. The user can evaluate component and vehicle specifications such as electric motors, batteries, engines, and fuel cells. ADVISOR simulates the vehicle's performance under different driving conditions. Industry partnerships contributed state-of-the-art algorithms to ensure the accuracy of the model. For example, detailed electrical analysis is made possible by co-simulation links to Avant's Saber and Ansoft's SIMPLORER. Transient air conditioning analysis is possible by co-simulation with C&R Technologies' SINDA/FLUINT. Michelin provided data for a tire rolling resistance model, and Maxwell provided data for an ultracapacitor energy storage model. 2.7.3 ThermodynamicSystemModels Fuel cell system models have been developed to help understand the interactions between various unit operations within a fuel cell system. Most fuel cell system models are based on thermodynamic process flow simulators used by the process industry (power industry, petroleum industry, or chemical industry) such as Aspen Plus, HYSIS, and ChemCAD. Most of these codes are commercially distributed, and over the past years they have offered specific unit operations to assist modeling fuel cell stacks (or at least a guide for putting together existing unit operations to represent a fuel cell stack) and reformers. Others (16) have developed more sophisticated 2-D 2-27PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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