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Operating pressure also impacts cell performance. The influence of oxygen pressure on the performance of a PEFC at 93 °C is illustrated in Figure 3-8 (56). An increase in oxygen pressure from 30 to 135 psig (3 to 10.2 atmospheres) produces an increase of 42 mV in the cell voltage at 215 mA/cm2. According to the Nernst equation, the increase in the reversible cathode potential that is expected for this increase in oxygen pressure is about 12 mV, which is considerably less than the measured value. When the temperature of the cell is increased to 104 °C, the cell voltage increases by 0.054 V for the same increase in oxygen pressure. Additional data suggest an even greater pressure effect. A PEFC at 50 °C and 500 mA/cm2 (55) exhibited a voltage gain of 83 mV for an increase in pressure from 1 to 5 atmospheres. Another PEFC at 80 °C and 431 mA/cm2 (52) showed a voltage gain of 22 mV for a small pressure increase from 2.4 to 3.4 atmospheres. These results demonstrate that an increase in the pressure of oxygen results in a significant reduction in polarization at the cathode. Performance improvements due to increased pressure must be balanced against the energy required to pressurize the reactant gases. The overall system must be optimized according to output, efficiency, cost, and size. Figure 3-8 Influence of O2 Pressure on PEFC Performance (93°C, Electrode Loadings of 2 mg/cm2 Pt, H2 Fuel at 3 Atmospheres) [(56) Figure 29, p. 49] Lifetime performance degradation is a key performance parameter in a fuel cell, but the causes of degradation are not fully understood. The sources of voltage decay are kinetic (or activation) loss, ohmic (or resistive) loss, loss of mass transport, and loss of reformate tolerance (42). Presently, the major focus of R&D on PEFC technology is to develop a fuel cell for terrestrial transportation, which requires the development of low-cost cell components. Hydrogen is considered the primary fuel for transportation applications, while reformed natural gas is the prime candidate for stationary applications. For automotive applications, the focus has shifted to 3-15PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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