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improving durability under realistic conditions, relaxing temperature and humidity requirements, and reducing cost, all while maintaining power densities. For reformate-fueled stacks, achieving better tolerance to CO and sulfur are critical factors. Because the operating temperature of PEFCs is much lower than PAFCs, poisoning of the anode electro-catalyst by CO from steam reformed methanol is a concern. The performance achieved with a proprietary anode in a PEFC with four different concentrations of CO in the fuel gas is shown in Figure 3-9. The graph shows that at higher current densities, the poisoning effect of CO is increased. At these higher current densities, the presence of CO in the fuel causes the cell voltage to become unstable and cycle over a wide range. Additional data (36) have suggested that the CO tolerance of a platinum electro-catalyst can be enhanced by increasing either temperature or pressure, which is one of the main reasons for pursuing high temperature PEFC membranes. Figure 3-9 Cell Performance with Carbon Monoxide in Reformed Fuel (56) 3.3 PEFC Systems PEFC stacks require tight control of fuel and air feed quality, humidity level, and temperature for sustained high-performance operation. To provide this, PEFC stacks must be incorporated in a sophisticated system. Naturally, the architecture of these systems depends strongly on whether they are fueled by hydrogen or by a hydrocarbon fuel. 3.3.1 DirectHydrogenPEFCSystems Direct hydrogen PEFC systems require extensive thermal and water management to ensure that the PEFC stack operates under the desired design conditions (Figure 3-10). Key components are 3-16PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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