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heat exchangers, humidifiers, and condensers. To understand the challenge of designing such a system, contrast the operating conditions of a PEFC stack (60 °C to 80 °C and 40 to 100 percent RH) with the environment such systems must work in. Automotive design standards require that engines to operate at temperatures up to 60 °C (start in a sunny spot). Thus, very little driving temperature difference will be available between the PEFC cooling medium and the ambient, requiring a large radiator surface area. If such conditions occur in an arid region, significant amounts of water are lost from the exhaust unless sophisticated water recovery systems (such as sorbent wheels or refrigerated systems) are used. Water and Heat Recovery Fuel Cell Stack Fuel Radiator Preheat & Humidity Control Thermal and Water Management Fuel Air Waste Heat air Preheat & Humidification Figure 3-10 Typical Process Flow Diagram Showing Major Components of Direct Hydrogen PEFC System. A key part of the direct hydrogen PEFC system is the hydrogen storage tank. A wide range of hydrogen storage methods is being considered (compressed hydrogen storage, liquid storage, storage in metal hydrides, and chemical storage). Each of these options offers distinct advantages, but also represents a compromise between energy density, weight, impact on energy efficiency, and cost. Special safety considerations must be made in all cases. As a consequence, the size and weight of the balance of plant components for these systems are important factors in the overall power system weight and volume. Automotive fuel cell developers have made tremendous strides in reducing the volume of direct hydrogen PEFC systems. Nevertheless, significant additional volume and weight reduction are required to match the power density of internal combustion engines. 3.3.2 Reformer-BasedPEFCSystems Reformer-based PEFC systems avoid the complexities and compromises of hydrogen storage, but instead the system must be designed to handle hydrocarbon fuels (similar considerations apply for alcohol fuels). This requires four major additional unit operations (Figure 3-11), collectively referred to as fuel processing: • Fuel preheat and vaporization. Necessary to prepare the fuel to meet the reformer’s feed requirements. Often, this unit operation is physically integrated with the reformer. 3-17PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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