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Preheat or Evaporization Reformer Water Gas Shift Reactor Reformate Purification Fuel Water and Heat Recovery Fuel Cell Stack Preheat & Humidity Control Thermal and Water Management Fuel Air Waste Heat Radiator Preheat & Humidification air Figure 3-11 Schematic of Major Unit Operations Typical of Reformer-Based PEFC Systems. • Reformer. This unit chemically converts hydrocarbon or alcohol to synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The two most practical oxidants are steam and air. If air is used, the reformer is referred to as a partial oxidation (POX) reformer; if steam is used, a steam reformer (SR), and if a mix of air and steam is used, an autothermal reformer (ATR). The choice of reformer type depends on a number of factors. Typically, POX reformers are smaller, cheaper, respond faster, and are suitable for a wide range of fuels. Steam reformers enable a higher system efficiency. ATRs and catalytic POX reformers (CPOX) share some of the advantages of each type: • Water Gas Shift Reactor (WGSR). The WGSR reacts carbon monoxide with water vapor to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This reactor is critical in PEFC systems (as well as PAFC), since the stack is unable to convert carbon monoxide. • Reformate purification. This is necessary because the PEFC stacks are sensitive to even trace concentrations of contaminants. Especially CO and sulfur are problematic species, and must be reduced to levels of around 10 and 1 ppm or less, respectively. Sulfur removal is, in actuality, done upstream in the process (just before or just after the reformer), but CO removal must be done just prior to stack entry. A number of approaches can be used to purify reformate fuel (including pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, methanation, and selective oxidation). Selective or preferential oxidation (PROX) is usually the preferred method for CO removal in the relatively small fuel cell systems because of the parasitic system loads and energy required by other methods. In selective oxidation, the reformed fuel is mixed with air or oxygen either before the 3-18PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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