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lost, affecting efficiency and hence the heat generation. Research has focused on finding more advanced electrolyte materials to combat fuel crossover and more active anode catalysts to promote methanol oxidation. Significant progress has been made over the past few years in both of these key areas. Gottesfeld provides a good overview of the recent advances in DMFC technology (1). Other developers have focused on miniaturizing the balance of plant components necessary to control water balance and minimize methanol loss or even developing reformer-based portable systems (57). Another, less-well-reported disadvantage is that a large amount of water is transported across the membrane (has an aqueous methanol solution on one side and air on the other). This transport must be mitigated by sometimes complex water recovery systems that detract significantly from the conceptual simplicity of the DMFC. These limitations bar DMFCs from application in automobiles or stationary aplications until the cross-over is reduced by at least an order of magnitude. Some developers are focusing on membranes and MEAs that reduce water cross- over (58). Despite the challenges mentioned, there is significant interest in DMFCs for portable power applications in the 1 W to 1 kW capacity range. Improvements in solid polymer electrolyte materials have extended the operating temperature of direct methanol PEFCs from 60 °C to almost 100 oC. Electro-catalyst developments have focused on materials with higher activity. Researchers at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne have reported over 200 mA/cm2 at 0.3 V at 80 °C with platinum/ruthenium electrodes having platinum loading of 3.0 mg/cm2. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the U.S. has reported over 100 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V at 60 oC with platinum loading of 0.5 mg/cm2. Recent work at Johnson Matthey has clearly shown that platinum/ruthenium materials possess substantially higher activity than platinum alone (59). All fuel cells exhibit kinetic losses that cause the electrode reactions to deviate from their theoretical ideal. This is particularly true for a direct methanol PEFC. Eliminating the need for a fuel reformer, however, makes methanol and air PEFCs an attractive alternative to PEFCs that require pure hydrogen as a fuel. The minimum performance goal for direct methanol PEFC commercialization is approximately 200 mW/cm2 at 0.5 to 0.6 V. Figure 3-12 shows examples of performance typically achievable by developers. 3-20PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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