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3.4.2 StationaryApplications Several developers are also developing PEFC systems for stationary applications. These efforts are aimed at very small-scale distributed generation (~1 to 10 kW AC). The vast majority of systems are designed for operation on natural gas or propane. Hundreds of demonstation units have been sited in programs in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Typical performance characteristics are given by Plug Power (60). Considerable progress has been made in system integration and in achieving stand-alone operation. System efficiency typically ranges from 25 to 32 percent (based on LHV). By recovering the waste heat from the cooling water, the overall thermal efficiency can be raised to about 80 percent, but the water temperature (about 50 to 70 °C) is rather modest for many CHP applications. System operating life has been extended to about 8,000 hrs for a single system with a single stack, with degradation of about 5 percent per 1,000 hours. 3.5 References 1. S. Gottesfeld, “The Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Materials Issues in a Hydrogen Fueled Power Source,” LANL, undated. 2. W.T. Grubb, Proceedings of the 11th Annual Battery Research and Development Conference, PSC Publications Committee, Red Bank, NJ, p. 5, 1957; U.S. Patent No. 2,913,511, 1959. 3. Communication with Plug Power, August 2002. 4. W.D. Ernst, Patent No. 5,912,088, Plug Power Inc., June 15, 1999. 5. G.S. Eisman, et al., Patent No. 6,280,865, Plug Power Inc., August 28, 2001. 6. W.G.F. Grot, G.E. Munn, P.N. Walmsley, paper presented at the 141st National Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Inc., Abstract No. 154, Houston, TX, May 7-11, 1972. 7. T. Ralph, "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Progress in Cost Reduction of the Key Components," Platinum Metals Review, 41, pp. 102-113, 1997. 8. B.R. Ezzell, B. Carl, and W. Mod, Ion Exchange Membranes for the Chlor Alkali Industry, AIChE Symp. Series, Houston, TX, March 1985, Pg. 49 9. K. Prater, "The Renaissance of the Solid Polymer Fuel Cell," Ballard Power Systems, Inc., Journal of Power Sources, p. 29, 1990. 10. D.J. Wheeler, J.S. Yi, R. Fredley, D. Yang, T. Patterson Jr., L. VanDine, “Advacements in Fuel cell Stack Technology at International Fuel Cells,” International Fuel Cells (now UTC Fuel Cells), Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, 4, 2001. 11. Peter M. Schutz, A Preliminary Investigation of Radiation Catalysts in Fuel Cells, Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, Va., August, 1979 Pg. 59. 12. 3M Product Bulletin, date unknown. 13. D. S. Watkins, et al., Abstracts 37th International Power Sources Symposium (The Electrochemical Society) p. 782, 1988. 14. Lousenberg, D., et al. Diferentiated Membranes and Dispersions for Commercial PEM Fuel Cell and Electrolysis Systems. in 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar. 2003. Miami Beach, FL, USA: Department of Energy. 15. Teather, E. and J. Staser. MEA Improvements for Sub-humidified Fuel Cell Operation. In 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar. 2003. Miami Beach, FL, USA: Department of Energy. 16. Cleghorn, S., et al. New MEAs for Low Cost System Design. in 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar. 2003. Miami Beach, FL, USA: Department of Energy. 17. Peter M. Schutz, A Preliminary Investigation of Radiation Catalysts in Fuel Cells, Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, Va., August, 1979 Pg. 59. 3-22PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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