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Figure 4-4 Reversible Voltage of the Hydrogen-Oxygen Cell (14) To achieve faster kinetics, operating temperatures greater than 100 °C, accompanied by higher pressures, are used. Spacecraft fuel cells have operated for over 5,000 hours at 200 °C at 5 atm achieving HHV efficiencies exceeding 60 percent (18, 19). It should be noted that a pressure increase beyond about 5 atm produces improvements that are usually outweighed by a significant weight increase required to sustain the higher operating pressure. For space applications, weight is critical. Also, this increase in performance can only be realized in applications where compressed gases are available (such as in space vehicles or submarines). In all other cases, compressors are needed. Compressors are not only noisy, but incur parasitic power that lowers the system efficiency (20). An increase of overall efficiency when using compressors in simple cycles is very unlikely. 4.2.2 EffectofTemperature Section 2.1 describes that the reversible cell potential for a fuel cell consuming H2 and O2 decreases by 49 mV under standard conditions in which the reaction product is water vapor. However, as is the case in PAFCs, an increase in temperature improves cell performance because activation polarization, mass transfer polarization, and ohmic losses are reduced. The improvement in performance with cell temperature of catalyzed carbon-based (0.5 mg Pt/cm2) porous cathodes is illustrated in Figure 4-5 (21). As expected, the electrode potential at a given current density decreases at lower temperatures, and the decrease is more significant at higher current densities. In the temperature range of 60 to 90 °C, the cathode performance increases by about 0.5 mV/°C at 50 to 150 mA/cm2. 4-9PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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