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Table 5-1 Evolution of Cell Component Technology for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Component Anode Cathode Electrode Support Electrolyte Support Electrolyte Electrolyte Reservoir ca. 1965 PTFE-bonded Pt black 9 mg/cm2 PTFE-bonded Pt black 9 mg/cm2 Ta mesh screen Glass fiber paper 85 percent H3PO4 ca. 1975 PTFE-bonded Pt/C Vulcan XC-72a 0.25 mg Pt/cm2 PTFE-bonded Pt/C Vulcan XC-72a 0.5 mg Pt/cm2 Graphite Structure PTFE-bonded SiC 95 percent H3PO4 Porous graphite plate. Current Statusa PTFE-bonded Pt/C 0.25 mg Pt/cm2 PTFE-bonded Pt/C 0.5 mg Pt/cm2 Graphite Structure PTFE-bonded SiC 100 percent H3PO4 Porous graphite plate. Cooler 1 per ~7 cells; imbedded (SS) tubes in graphite plate a. - Over 40,000 hour component life demonstrated in commercial power plants. A bipolar plate separates the individual cells and electrically connects them in series in a fuel cell stack. In some designs, the bipolar plate also contains gas channels that feed the reactant gases to the porous electrodes and remove the reaction products and inerts. Bipolar plates made from graphite resin mixtures that are carbonized at low temperature (~900 °C/1,652 °F) are not suitable because of their rapid degradation in PAFC operating environments (7, 8). However, corrosion stability is improved by heat treatment to 2,700 °C (4,892 °F) (8), i.e., the corrosion current is reduced by two orders of magnitude at 0.8 V in 97 percent H3PO4 at 190°C (374 °F) and 4.8 atm (70.5 psi). The all-graphite bipolar plates are sufficiently corrosion-resistant for a projected life of 40,000 hours in PAFCs, but they are still relatively costly to produce. Several designs for the bipolar plate and ancillary stack components are used by fuel cell developers, and these are described in detail (9, 10, 11, 12). A typical PAFC stack contains cells connected in series to obtain the practical voltage level desired for the load. In such an arrangement, individual cells are stacked with bipolar plates between the cells. The bipolar plates used in early PAFCs consisted of a single piece of graphite with gas channels machined on either side to direct the flow of fuel and oxidant. Currently, both bipolar plates of the previous design and new designs consisting of several components are being considered. In the multi-component bipolar plates, a thin impervious plate separates the reactant gases in adjacent cells in the stack, and 5-4PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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