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stable nickel coating is needed to protect the anode side. Unfortunately, electroless nickel coatings, although dense or uniform in thickness, are expensive and contain detrimental impurities; electrolytic nickel coatings are not sufficiently dense or uniform in thickness. FCE and others have found that cladding with nickel provides excellent corrosion protection. A nickel cladding of 50 μm thickness is projected for >40,000 hours of life (42). Coal Gas Trace Species: MCFCs to date have been operated on reformed or simulated natural gas and simulated coal gas. Testing conducted with simulated coal gas has involved the expected individual and multi-trace constituents to better understand coal operation (45). Table 6-3 shows the contaminants and their impact on MCFC operation. The table denotes the species of concern and what cleanup of the fuel gas is required to operate on coal gas. Confidence in operation with coal will require the use of an actual gasifier product. An FCE MCFC stack was installed (fall of 1993) using a slipstream of an actual coal gasifier to further clarify the issues of operation with trace gases (46). Table 6-3 Qualitative Tolerance Levels for Individual Contaminants in Isothermal Bench-Scale Carbonate Fuel Cells (46, 47, and 48) CONTAMINANTS (typical ppm in raw coal gas) REACTION MECHANISM QUALITATIVE CONCLUSIONS TOLERANCES NO NOTICEABLE EFFECTS MINOR EFFECTS SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS NH3 (10,000) Cd (5) Hg (1) Sn (3) 2NH3→N2+3H2 Cd+H2O→CdO(s)+H2 (Hg Vapor Not Reactive) (Sn(l) Not Volatile) ~1 vol percent NH3 ~30 ppm Cd 35 ppm Hg No Vapor @ 650°C No Effects No Cell Deposits No TGA Effects No Cell Deposits Zn (100) Pb (15) Zn+H2O→ZnO(s)+H2 Pb+H2O→PbS(s)+H2 <15 ppm Zn 1.0 ppm Pb sat'd vapor No Cell Deposits at 75 percent Utilization Cell Deposits Possible in Presence of High H2Se H2S (15,000) HCl (500) H2Se (5) As (10) xH2S+Ni→NiSx+xH2 2HCl+K2CO3→2KCl(v)+H2O/CO2 xH2Se+Ni→NiSex+xH2 AsH3+Ni→NiAs(s)+3/2H2 <0.5 ppm H2S <0.1 ppm HCl <0.2 ppm H2Se <0.1 ppm As Recoverable Effect Long Term Effects Possible Recoverable Effect Cumulative Long Term Effect 6.2 Performance Factors affecting the selection of operating conditions are stack size, heat transfer rate, voltage level, load requirement, and cost. The performance curve is defined by cell pressure, temperature, gas composition, and utilization. Typical MCFCs will generally operate in the range of 100 to 200 mA/cm2 at 750 to 900 mV/cell. Typical cathode performance curves obtained at 650 °C with an oxidant composition (12.6 percent O2/18.4 percent CO2/69 percent N2) that is anticipated for use in MCFCs, and a common baseline composition (33 percent O2/67 percent CO2) are presented in Figure 6-4 (22, 49). The baseline 6-13PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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