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(a) Sulfur Tolerance of Ni-YSZ Anodes Cell Operating Temperature (K) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1 0.1 0.01 Tokyo Gas Siemens Westinhouse (b) Relation between Fuel Sulfur Mass Concentratrion and Anode Gas Concentration 2010 Diesel Standards Current Diesel Standards JP-8 anode sulfur with pipeline natural gas and SMR 1000 100 10 1 110 000 0.1 0.01 100 1000 10 P OX reformate SMR reformate Fuel Sulfur Concentration (ppmm) Figure 7-2 (a) Sulfur Tolerance of Ni-YSZ Anodes (16, 17) and (b) Relationship between Fuel Sulfur and Anode Sulfur Concentration. 7.1.3 CathodeMaterials Most cathode materials used in SOFC today are lanthanum-based perovskite materials (structure ABO3). During early development, platinum and other noble metals, and even magnetite (14), were used as cathode materials for SOFC. They are no longer pursued actively because of chemical and physical instability, incompatibility with most electrolytes, and, in the case of platinum, cost. Currently, most cathodes are based on doped lanthanum manganites. In high- temperature SOFC (operating temperature ~1000 °C), strontium-doped LaMnO3 (LSM) is used. The choice of this material is a compromise between a number of factors: • Chemical stability and relatively low interactions with electrolyte. With YSZ electrodes, many La-based compounds form the insulating La2Zr2O7. With ceria-based electrolytes, this issue is not a concern and other cathode materials are considered (e.g. (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 or LSCF). • Adequate electronic and ionic conductivity. Though the conductivities are adequate, the ionic conductivity of LSM is significantly lower than YSZ, and its electronic conductivity is a fraction of any of the metals or even of lanthanum chromite. Consequently, ionic and electronic resistance can become a significant factor, especially in cell designs that incorporate long current paths through the cathode. For lower-temperature cells, conductivity of LSM is inadequate, and other materials, such as strontium-doped lanthanum ferrite (LSF) are considered. • Relatively high activity. • Manageable interactions with ceramic interconnects (notably lanthanum chromite). Though some interdiffusion occurs, this does not represent a major problem. • Thermal expansion coefficients that closely match those of YSZ. 7-5 Anode Sulfur Tolerance (ppmv) Anode Feed Sulfur Concentration (ppmv)PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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