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pressure, and composition effects is not straightforward. Data by Crucian, et al. (42), presents results for the direct oxidation of hydrocarbons on copper/ceria. The thermodynamic efficiency of SOFCs operating on H2 and O2 at open circuit voltage is lower than that of MCFCs and PAFCs because of the lower free energy at higher temperatures. On the other hand, the higher operating temperature of SOFCs is beneficial in reducing polarization resistance. The voltage losses in SOFCs are governed by ohmic losses in the cell components. The contribution to ohmic polarization (iR) in a tubular cell (assuming uniform current distribution in the electrolyte) is 45 percent from the cathode, 18 percent from the anode, 12 percent from the electrolyte, and 25 percent from the interconnect when these components have thicknesses of 2.2, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.085 mm, respectively, and specific resistivities (ohm-cm) at 1,000 °C of 0.013, 3 x 10-6, 10, and 1, respectively. The cathode iR dominates the total ohmic loss despite the higher specific resistivities of the electrolyte and cell interconnection because of the short conduction path through these components and the long current path in the plane of the cathode. In an effort to further improve performance, power density, and cost, Siemens Westinghouse initiated the development of a variant on its technology with a flattened tube (also schematically shown in Figure 7-9a). By shortening the current path the power density, on an active area basis, is substantially increased. In addition, the volumetric power density is increased (Figure 7-13), (42). Figure 7-13 Performance Advantage of Sealless Planar (HPD5) over Conventional Siemens Westinghouse Technology (42) 7-21PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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