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There may be additional, downstream inputs of water/steam and oxygen/air for water-gas shift and selective oxidation to further reduce CO, if needed. When the function of a fuel processor is to convert a fuel to hydrogen, the fuel conversion efficiency is Efficiency= LowerHeatingValueofAnodeFuel(s)Produced Lower Heating Value of Fuel Used (8-6) The fuel conversion efficiency for methane conversion to hydrogen is 93.9 percent at the thermoneutral point, x = 0.44 (an ATR reaction) and 91.7 percent at x = 0 (the SR reaction). The difference between the two efficiency values is exactly equivalent to the loss represented by the latent heat of vaporization of the H2O that escapes with the combustions products in the SR burner exhaust. The concentration of hydrogen is 53.9 percent at x = 0.44 (ATR) and 80 percent at x = 0 (SR). Equation 8-4 and related heats of reaction can be manipulated to show that the maximum efficiency is a state point function, regardless of path (steam reforming, partial oxidation, or autothermal reforming), and is achieved at the thermoneutral point. In practice, x is set slightly higher than the thermoneutral point so that additional heat is generated to offset heat losses from the reformer. Table 8-1 presents efficiencies at the thermoneutral point for various hydrocarbon fuels. Table 8-1 Calculated Thermoneutral Oxygen-to-Fuel Molar Ratios (xo) and Maximum Theoretical Efficiencies (at xo) for Common Fuels (23) ∆Hf,fuel m p (kcal/gmol) 4 1 -57.1 4 0 -17.9 18 0 -62.0 14.8 0.1 -53.0 Xo, Efficiency (percent) 96.3 93.9 91.2 90.8 following Hydrogen Processing: When hydrogen is supplied directly to the section is no more than a storage and delivery system. However, in general applications, hydrogen must be generated from other fuels and processed to meet the system requirements. Natural Gas Processing: The major constituents of pipeline gas are methane, ethane, propane, CO2, and, in some cases, N2. Sulfur-containing odorants (mercaptans, disulfides, or commercial odorants) are added for leak detection. Because neither fuel cells nor commercial reformer CnHmOp n m/2n ∆Hr = 0 2 0.230 Methanol CH3OH(l) Methane CH4 Iso-Octane C8H18(l) Gasoline C7.3H14.8 O0.1(l) 1 1 8 7.3 2 0.443 1.125 2.947 1.014 2.613 the fuel type, the Because the components and design of a fuel processor depend on discussion is organized by the fuel being processed. 8-16 fuel cell, the fuel processingPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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