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catalysts are sulfur tolerant, the sulfur must be removed. This is usually accomplished with a zinc oxide sulfur polisher and the possible use of a hydrodesulfurizer, if required. The zinc oxide polisher is able to remove the mercaptans and disulfides. However, some commercial odorants, such as Pennwalt's Pennodorant 1013 or 1063, contain THT (tetrahydrothiophene), more commonly known as thiophane, and require the addition of a hydrodesulfurizer before the zinc oxide sorbant bed. The hydrodesulfurizer will, in the presence of hydrogen, convert the thiophane into H2S that is easily removed by the zinc oxide polisher. The required hydrogen is supplied by recycling a small amount of the natural gas reformed product. Although a zinc oxide reactor can operate over a wide range of temperatures, a minimum bed volume is achieved at temperatures of 350 to 400 °C (660 to 750 °F). The CH4 in the natural gas is usually converted to H2 and CO in a SR reactor. Steam reforming reactors yield the highest percentage of hydrogen of any reformer type. The basic SR reactions for methane and a generic hydrocarbon are: CH4 +H2O↔CO+3H2 CnHm +nH2O↔nCO+(m/2+n)H2 CO+H2O↔CO2 +H2 (8-7) (8-8) (8-9) In addition to natural gas, steam reformers can be used on light hydrocarbons such as butane and propane, and on naphtha with a special catalyst. Steam reforming reactions are highly endothermic and need a significant heat source. Often the residual fuel exiting the fuel cell is burned to supply this requirement. Fuels are typically reformed at temperatures of 760 to 980 °C (1,400 to 1,800 °F). A typical steam reformed natural gas reformate is presented in Table 8-2. Table 8-2 Typical Steam Reformed Natural Gas Reformate Mole Percent H2 CO CO2 CH4 N2 H2O Total Reformer Shifted Effluent Reformate 46.3 52.9 7.1 0.5 6.4 13.1 2.4 2.4 0.8 0.8 37.0 30.4 100.0 100.0 A POX reformer also can be used to convert gaseous fuels, but does not produce as much hydrogen as the steam reformers. For example, a methane-fed POX reformer would produce only about 75 percent of the hydrogen (after shifting) that was produced by an SR. Therefore, partial oxidation reformers are typically used only on liquid fuels that are not well suited for steam reformers. Partial oxidation reformers rank second after steam reformers with respect to their hydrogen yield. For illustration, the overall POX reaction (exothermic) for methane is 8-17PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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