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the intermediate temperatures) of the cell and of the flow streams are within the permissible range. Practically, the air stream is adjusted to achieve this result, since the purpose of the fuel cell is to consume the fuel in the production of electrical energy. Increasing the fuel flow to remove heat from the cell increases the quantity of unburned fuel in the exhaust from the cell. If heat is removed from the fuel cell indirectly through adjacent or embedded surface, then the flow and temperature of the coolant stream can be selected somewhat independent of the cell operating temperature. But the distribution of heat transfer surface in the cell (or battery) and the rate of heat transfer across that surface must be carefully adjusted and controlled to maintain the temperature throughout the cell (or battery) within the prescribed temperature range. The regenerative Brayton cycle, as presented, depends primarily on its fuel cell component for conversion of the fuel and thus for its overall efficiency. The gas turbine merely provides the means for recovery of the waste heat and residual fuel in the combustion product stream. The gas turbine operates, therefore, at a temperature only slightly elevated above that of the cell by the combustion of the residual fuel. The pressure ratio selected for the turbine in this regenerative cycle is determined by the ratio of the temperature of the gases leaving the auxiliary combustor to the temperature of the reactant gases entering the fuel cell. In general, for either molten carbonate or solid oxide cells, this selected pressure ratio will be less than two. The proposed method of cell cooling is air flow, which will be increased significantly, by a factor of 4-8 above that required for oxidation of the fuel. The feasibility of this cycle will depend on the availability of air compressor and turbine expander units with: • the pressure ratio and temperature capability compatible with the fuel cell operation. • a capacity appropriate to market applications. The effectiveness of the regenerative Brayton cycle performance will depend on the efficiency of the fuel cell, compressor, and turbine units; the pressure loss of gases flowing through the system; the approach temperatures reached in the recuperative exchanger; and, most importantly, the cost of the overall system. The combined Brayton-Rankine cycle depends on both the fuel cell and the gas turbine components for conversion of the fuel and thus for its overall efficiency. The extent of conversion of the fuel occurring in the fuel cell increases as the cell operating temperature and the range of coolant temperature rise increase. For this reason, the cycle as presented is based on indirect heat removal from the cell, heating the air stream temperature from the compressor outlet to the cell operating temperature. This provision maximizes the cell contribution to the energy output of the combined cycle. The PR and NIT of the turbine are those selected to match those of the current utility scale equipment -- a PR of 12 and an NIT of 2300 oF -- resulting in a combined cycle efficiency of perhaps 45 to 50 percent, not considering the electrical energy output of and the fuel input to the fuel cell. The fuel combustion occurring in the combustor and overall air/fuel ratio is then determined by the combination of the cell and the turbine inlet temperatures. The fuel cell Rankine cycle arrangement has been selected so that all fuel preheating and reforming are carried out external to the cell and air preheating is accomplished by mixing with recycled depleted air. The air feed flow is adjusted so that no heat transfer is required in the cell 8-80PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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