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compression ignition direct injection engines, gas turbines and fuel cells) and the vehicle propulsion system (electric motor). The benefits of HEVs, much like the hybrid power plants, are increased efficiency and lower emissions. As of July 2004, DOE has completed 1 million miles of hybrid electric vehicle testing. The number of each type of hybrid electric vehicle tested, the total miles accumulated, and average fuel economy to date include: • 4 Honda Civics, 284,000 miles and 38.0 mpg • 6 Honda Insights, 347,000 miles and 46.0 mpg • 6 Toyota Prius (model years 2002 and 2003) 380,000 miles and 41.1 mpg • 2 Toyota Prius (model years 2004) 16,000 miles and 44.6 mpg Fuel cell hybrid cars are not a new concept. In the early 1970s, K. Kordesch modified a 1961 Austin A-40 two-door, four-passenger sedan to an air-hydrogen fuel cell/battery hybrid car (32). This vehicle used a 6-kW alkaline fuel cell in conjunction with lead acid batteries, and operated on hydrogen carried in compressed gas cylinders mounted on the roof. The car operated on public roads for three years and about 21,000 km. In 1994 and 1995, H-Power (Belleville, New Jersey) headed a team that built three PAFC/battery hybrid transit buses (33, 34). These 9 meter (30 foot), 25 seat (with space for two wheel chairs) buses used a 50 kW fuel cell and a 100 kW, 180 amp-hour nickel cadmium battery. The major activity in transportation fuel cell development has focused on the PEFC. In 1993, Ballard Power Systems (Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) demonstrated a 10 m (32 foot) light-duty transit bus with a 120 kW fuel cell system, followed by a 200 kW, 12 meter (40 foot) heavy-duty transit bus in 1995 (35). These buses use no traction batteries. They operate on compressed hydrogen as the on-board fuel. In 1997, Ballard provided 205 kW (275 HP) PEFC units for a small fleet of hydrogen-fueled, full-size transit buses for demonstrations in Chicago, Illinois, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Working in collaboration with Ballard, Daimler- Benz built a series of PEFC-powered vehicles, ranging from passenger cars to buses (36). The first such vehicles were hydrogen-fueled. A methanol-fueled PEFC A-class car unveiled by Daimler-Benz in 1997 has a 640 km (400 mile) range. A hydrogen-fueled (metal hydride for hydrogen storage), fuel cell/battery hybrid passenger car was built by Toyota in 1996, followed in 1997 by a methanol-fueled car built on the same RAV4 platform (37). Ballard brought fuel cell technology into the public awareness a decade ago. Today, there are 50 companies in North America, Europe, and Japan developing fuel cells and related systems and components for cars, buses, and specialty vehicles, like golf carts and fork lifts. The Breakthrough Technologies Institute, Inc. entered a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy to survey fuel cell vehicle developers, selected energy and component suppliers, and interested government agencies. This survey identified nearly 20 companies developing light-duty fuel cell vehicles and components. The survey also identified at least 12 companies or partnerships developing or demonstrating fuel cell buses. The results of the survey were published in February 2004 and the report can be viewed at http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/vehiclestudy.pdf. 8-94PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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