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In 1997, the Office of Naval Research initiated an advanced development program to demonstrate a ship service fuel cell power generation module. The ship service generator supplies the electrical power requirements of the ship. This program will provide the basis for a new fuel cell-based design that will be an attractive option for the future Navy surface ships. This program will provide the Navy with a ship service that is more efficient and incorporates a distributive power system that will remain operating even if the engine is destroyed. Fuel cells can serve as a generator, battery charger, battery replacements and heat supply. They can adapt to most environments, even locations in Arctic and Antarctic regions. One effort, being run in collaboration with the Army Research Office, has demonstrated a prototype fuel cell designed to replace in many applications a popular military standard battery. The target application is the Army's BA-5590 primary (i.e., use-once-and-dispose) lithium battery. The Army purchases approximately 350,000 of these batteries every year at a cost of approximately $100 per battery, including almost $30 per battery for disposal. Fuel cells, on the other hand, are not thrown away after each use but can be reused hundreds of times. Mission weight savings of factors of 10 or more are projected. The prototype fuel cell, which has the same size and delivers the same power as a battery, has been tested in all orientations and under simulated adverse weather conditions, and was enthusiastically received by Army senior management. 8.7.1 System Performance Requirements A key reason for interest in fuel cell APU applications is that there may be a good fit between APU requirements and fuel cell system characteristics. Fuel cells could be efficient and quiet, and APUs do have the load following requirements and physical size and weight constraints associated with propulsion applications. However, in order to understand the system requirements for fuel cell APUs, it is critical to understand the required functionality (refer to Figure 8-44) as well as competing technologies. To provide the functionality of interest, and to be competitive with internal combustion engine (ICE) driven APUs, fuel cell APUs must meet various requirements; an overview is provided in Figure 8-45. Key Parameter Typical Requirements Expected fuel cell performance Power output 12 to 42 V DC is acceptable for most applications, 110 / 220 V AC may be desirable for powering power tools etc. DC power output simplifies the power conditioning and control for fuel cells System Capacity 1 to 5 kW for light duty vehicles and truck cabins up to 15 kW for truck refrigeration Fits expected range for PEFCs and probably also advanced SOFCs System Efficiency More than 15 to 25 percent Efficiency target should be achievable, based on LHV even in smallest capacity range Figure 8-45 Overview of typical system requirements Operating life and reliability Greater than about 5,000 hours stack life, with regular service intervals less than once every 1,000 hours Insufficient data available to assess whether this is a challenge or not 8-97PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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