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Fuel cell APU applications could benefit significantly from the development of distributed generation systems, especially from residential scale systems, because of the similarity in scale and duty cycle. However, distributed generation systems are designed mostly for operation on natural gas, and do not face as stringent weight and volume requirements as APU applications. As a result, fuel cell APUs are in the early initial system prototype stage. Several developers, including Nuvera, Honeywell, and Plug Power are active in the development for residential PEFC power systems. Most of the PEFC system technology can be adapted for APU application, except that a fuel processor capable of handling transportation fuels is required. However, most of the players in the residential PEFC field are also engaged in the development of PEFC systems for automotive propulsion applications, which are targeting the ability to utilize transportation fuels for PEFC systems. Relatively few developers of SOFC technology have paid attention to non-stationary markets. All are focused on small to medium sized distributed generation and on-site generation markets. Only Global Thermoelectric (Calgary, Canada) has been active in the application of its technology to APUs. A recently conducted a detailed conceptual design and cost estimate of a 5- kWnet SOFC-based truck APU conclude that, provided continued improvement in several technology areas, planar SOFCs could ultimately become a realistic option for this mass-market application. 8.7.3 System Configuration and Technology Issues Based on the system requirements discussed above, fuel cell APUs will consist of a fuel processor, a stack system and the balance of plant. Figure 8-47 lists the components required in SOFC and PEFC based systems. The components needed in a PEFC system for APU applications are similar to that needed in residential power. The main issue for components for PEM-based systems is the minimization or elimination of the use of external supplied water. For both PEFC and SOFC systems, start-up batteries (either existing or dedicated units) will be needed since external electric power is not available. Detailed cost and design studies for both PEFC and SOFC systems at sizes ranging from 5kW to 1 MW were made that point to the fundamental differences between PEFC and SOFC technology that impact the system design and by implication the cost structure. These differences will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The main components in a SOFC APU are the fuel cell stack, the fuel processor, and the thermal management system. In addition there are several balance of plant components, which are listed in Figure 8-47. The relatively simple reformer design is possible because the SOFC stack operates at high temperatures (around 800 °C) and is capable of utilizing both carbon monoxide and certain hydrocarbons as fuel. Since both the anode and cathode exhaust at temperatures of 600 to 850 °C, high temperature recuperators are required to maintain system efficiency. These recuperators are of expensive materials (high temperature reducing and oxidizing atmosphere), making it an expensive component in the system. However, if hydrocarbons are converted inside the stack, this leads to a less exothermic overall reaction so that the stack cooling requirements are reduced. 8-99PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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