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10.7 Hydrogen 10.7.1 Introduction The use of hydrogen in the United States energy infrastructure has been considered for decades. For economic reasons, the hydrogen economy has not developed; for environmental reasons, the potential of hydrogen becoming a major commodity exists. In 1990, the United States Congress passed the Matsunaga Hydrogen Research and Development Act. The Act required the Department of Energy to develop critical hardware for hydrogen technology. The Act also established the Hydrogen Technical Advisory Panel, which is composed of experts from industry and academia, to advise the Secretary of Energy on the status and recommended direction of hydrogen energy development. In 1996, Congress passed the Hydrogen Future Act; the Act authorized the spending of $164.5 million between 1996 and 2001 on the research, development, and demonstration of hydrogen production, storage, transport, and use. In February 2003, President Bush announced the FutureGen initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen production research power plant with zero-emissions. When operational, the prototype will be the cleanest fossil fuel-fired power plant in the world. The demand for hydrogen grew 23 percent per year between 1994 and 1999 and is projected to continue to grow by 14 percent per year through 2004. Oil refining accounts for 67 percent of the hydrogen usage in the United States. The manufacture of petrochemicals accounts for 26 percent, and the final 7 percent is used in the reduction of metals, electronics, glass, rocket fuel, food processing, laboratory use, and power generation. Many believe that the demand for hydrogen will continue to grow for the following reasons: • As domestic reserves of oil decline and heavier imported crude oil is refined, increased amounts of hydrogen will be required • As higher sulfur crude oils are refined, additional hydrogen for desulfurization to meet existing and more stringent future regulations will be required • The number of hydrogen-powered vehicles will increase • Electricity produced by hydrogen-fueled technology will increase • The increased use of hydrogen will reduce the dependency on imported oil The interest in hydrogen as pollution-free energy has sparked legislation. The following is some of the Federal and state legislation: • The "Hydrogen Future Act of 1996" focuses Federal hydrogen research on the basic scientific fundamentals needed "to provide the foundation for private sector investment and development of new and better energy sources.” • California’s “zero-emission” standard for passenger cars requires that 2 percent of new cars in the state be non-polluting. • As part of California’s Clean Transportation Fuels Initiative, the California Energy Commission (CEC) will assist in establishing publicly accessible clean-fuel refueling facilities to serve clean-fuel fleets and vehicles in California. Eligible projects include all non-petroleum fuels such as natural gas, alcohol, and hydrogen (for fuel cell applications). • In April 2000, the Arizona Legislature passed SB 1504 - an important piece of legislation for the alternative fuels movement and most particularly the hydrogen program. The Hydrogen Grant Program allows up to $500,000 for hydrogen programs that benefit the public. 10-31PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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