PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 2 of 34 are proposed to be an important option to improve the use of alternative marine fuels. High energy efficiencies make fuel cells very attractive compared to marine combustion engines and gas turbines (GTs), though the power capacities of fuel cells cannot cover all maritime applications. However, the efficiencies and power capacities of fuel cells continue to be a focal point of research and development, leading to constant improvements that bring the technology closer to widespread adoption with every passing year. Maritime fuel cells used onboard underwater vehicles can be traced back to the 1960s [9]. Possible applications of fuel cells onboard merchant ships include: low power demand main propulsion; auxiliary power for hybrid propulsion; electricity generation; and emergency power supply [10]. Several demonstration projects for fuel cell applications in the merchant marine sector have been carried out since 2000 [11]. Through a literature review of existing studies on fuel cells for maritime applications, three key aspects were identified: (i) Economic and environmental analysis. To determine the feasibility of fuel cells for maritime applications, an exergy analysis was carried out for both a methanol reforming proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system and a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system, where the two systems exhibited similar power capacity and energy efficiency figures [12]. However, weight, volume and unit cost should be considered for further thermo-economic analysis. A hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)-PEMFC-diesel gen- erator power system was modelled and optimized for cruise ship trading in Stockholm, Sweden [13]. The renewable energy system contributed 13.8% of the overall energy re- quirement and achieved 9.8% emissions reduction compared to the conventional diesel engine power system. A life cycle assessment of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) plant for marine applications was conducted and compared to a conventional diesel engine power plant [14]. The results showed that the operational phase is the major contributor to climate change for both systems when hydrocarbons are used as fuels. The production of raw materials and the manufacturing of MCFC components were shown to have higher environmental impact compared to that of diesel engines. Hence, the recycling and re-use of MCFC components are important to improve the overall environmental performance of such systems. A testbed of a hybrid power source composed of a MCFC, a lead-acid battery and a diesel generator was developed to simulate the fuel consumption of five types of ships based on respective operating profiles [15]. Average CO2 savings of 70–74% based on different ship types and load scenarios were reported, compared to the standalone opera- tion of the diesel generator. An integrated energy system was developed and evaluated, which was composed of a hydrogen-fueled solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid system, a solar PV system, wind turbines and an absorption refrigeration plant. The ship consumed renewable energy only and the overall energy efficiency was 41.5% [16]. A SOFC power system used for propulsion, electricity and heat generation onboard ships was investigated and optimized in terms of energy, cost and emission savings [17]. The abatement of GHG emissions was claimed to be up to 34% and SOFCs fed with liquefied natural gas (LNG) were deemed to be the most cost-optimal solution for reducing GHG emissions. A four-scheme energy management strategy for a hybrid fuel cell-battery driven passenger ship was proposed with the aim of minimizing energy consumption [18]; the simulation results showed that maximum energy savings of 8% could be achieved. (ii) Safety and reliability analysis. A PEMFC stack operated under marine environ- mental conditions was experimentally analyzed [19], from which it was concluded that sea salt (sodium chloride) vapor was the major contaminant and caused a significant perfor- mance decrement for the fuel cells. Based on SF-BREEZE projects, safety-related physical and combustion properties of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and LNG were evaluated and compared [20]. The results showed that LH2 and LNG pose similar safety risks, and several countermeasures such as avoiding fuel leaks, providing adequate ventilation, monitoring confined spaces, etc., are required to minimize the risks. A numerical calculation was carried out to simulate the leakage and diffusion of hydrogen in a fuel cell ship to better understand hydrogen safety issues [21]. The hydrogen concentration distributions and the effects of different ventilation conditions were determined, providing guidance for thePDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
PDF Search Title:
Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime ApplicationsOriginal File Name Searched:
sustainability-13-01213.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)