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Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 3 of 34 optimal positions for hydrogen sensors and ventilation. Risk assessment of a hydrogen driven high speed passenger ferry was performed [22], with the results illustrating that the estimated risk related to hydrogen systems is relatively low and within acceptable limits. Based on a MCFC power system for a LH2 tanker, the safety integrity levels for an electric propulsion system were investigated [23]. Fire and explosion caused by fuel overflows or a control failure in the stack were identified as the most severe potential incidents. A failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach was proposed to evaluate the safety and reliability of a hybrid MCFC-GT system for LH2 tankers [24]. A similar approach was verified by successfully applying it to a hybrid power system composed of a MCFC, a battery system and a diesel engine [25]. (iii) Power system development. A PEMFC-battery hybrid propulsion system was developed for a tourist boat [26], the reliable operation of which was successfully demon- strated in the coastal waters of South Korea. A hybrid propulsion system coupling an LNG-fueled combustion engine with a hydrogen-fueled PEMFC was proposed for an LNG carrier [27]. To satisfy the required energy efficiency design index, the energy fractions from hydrogen were determined. This allowed the cost competitiveness of the hydrogen system to be evaluated against the conventional LNG propulsion system. A MCFC-based marine auxiliary power unit (APU) fed with diesel oil was developed and modelled [28], allowing the system efficiency under different reforming strategies and process configura- tions to be assessed. A hybrid propulsion system coupling a MCFC with a bottoming cycle was developed for a LH2 tanker [29]. System efficiency, economic feasibility and exhaust emissions were evaluated. Currently, the fuel cell systems are less economical than other propulsion systems, but their environmental performance is brilliant. It was found that the MCFC-GT system was preferable with regard to overall system efficiency. A SOFC-GT tri-generation system was developed for marine applications [30]. An absorption chiller could be employed to drive the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), and thus the overall system efficiency could be significantly improved considering different system configurations. A hybrid diesel electric propulsion system coupled with two methanol-fed 250-kW SOFC systems was designed for an offshore platform supply vessel, where notable reductions of pollutant emissions were observed [31]. A propulsion system composed of a dual-fuel diesel generator and a SOFC-GT hybrid system was developed and optimized for a 90,000 m3 ethane carrier [32]. The optimal system configuration was determined and the energy efficiency design index complied with all requirements set by the IMO regulations. Very few research papers focus on the specific application of fuel cells for the mar- itime sector. While there are a number of parallels to be drawn in terms of transferable knowledge with stationary power, automotive and other land-based applications, the unique challenges posed by the maritime sector (particularly for international deep sea shipping) create a number of additional barriers to entry for fuel cell technology. These will be explored in greater detail in the coming sections, but can broadly be attributed to a harsh working environment and limitations relating to onboard energy storage (including any fuel pre/post processing systems) that would ultimately encroach upon the payload (and hence profitability) of a vessel. The possibility of using fuel cells onboard ships was analyzed in ref. [33], which reviewed some existing research and demonstration projects of fuel cells for maritime applications. The costs and expected service lifetime of potential fuel cells were highlighted. In addition, marine fuel cell systems were reviewed in terms of fuel cell types, potential fuels and system characteristics in ref. [34]. The authors presented information on the potential of fuel cell systems fueled by LH2 and LNG. However, a summary of the specific layouts and characteristics of different types of fuel cell modules is absent in the published literature. Moreover, the topic of design and development of fuel cell hybrid power systems for maritime applications is lacking a comprehensive review. Therefore, this paper aims to address these shortcomings in the literature by conducting a comprehensive review on the development of the fuel cell modules and systems, culminating in a summary of the most promising pathways for future maritime applications.PDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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