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Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 12 of 34 the overall system efficiency is improved by enhanced system integration [60]. However, a series of problems, such as thermal stress and inhomogeneous current distributions, limit the extent of direct internal reforming [40]. 2.3.4. Methanol Pre-Processing When methanol is fed to fuel cells, steam reforming is also used to convert it into hydrogen. The reforming reactions of methanol are as follows: Steam reforming: Water gas shift: CH3OH CO + 2H2 CO+H2OCO2 +H2 Total reaction from reforming: CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 3H2 As for methanol, steam reforming can take place at temperatures as low as 200 ◦C in the presence of a catalyst, e.g., nickel. Similarly, external reforming, indirect internal reforming or direct internal reforming could be employed for medium or high temperature fuel cells. 3. Fuel Cell Modules A fuel cell power system consists of a hydrogen storage subsystem, a fuel cell module subsystem, a control subsystem and an energy management subsystem. Considering the energy efficiency, power capacity and sensitivity to fuel/oxidant impurities, AFC, PAFC and DMFC are excluded when discussing fuel cell modules in maritime applications below. For low temperature applications, PEMFC/HT-PEMFC is recommended as the power source and hydrogen is recommended as fuel. For high temperature applications, MCFC or SOFC are recommended as the power source and all kinds of hydrogen carriers or renewable fuels are recommended as fuels, where a reforming unit and a WHR system might be employed simultaneously to enhance system efficiency. 3.1. PEMFC Modules A PEMFC module subsystem consists of a stack, a hydrogen delivery unit, an air delivery unit and a cooling unit [26,61]. A schematic diagram of a PEMFC module is shown in Figure 2. The hydrogen is stored in the storage tank in a cryogenic liquefied state, or in a compressed state with pressure of 350–700 bar. The pressure of hydrogen is regulated by the pressure regulator. After the fuel cell stack, a purge valve at the outlet of the anode chamber is periodically opened to prevent the cell voltage from decreasing below a certain limit [26]. A humidifier and a water separator may be installed before the pressure regulator and after the purge valve, to humidify the hydrogen and to remove the water from the purge gas respectively [19,26]. In addition, auxiliary components between the fuel inlet and outlet of the stack might be employed for hydrogen recirculation [61]. The filtered air is pressurized by an air blower and then humidified to maintain the performance of the polymer membrane within the fuel cells. For maritime applications, degradation of the polymer membrane may occur due to the cathode being exposed to the sea-air conditions [19]. Therefore, appropriate pretreatment of the inlet air to remove sodium chloride vapor might be required. The air blower not only maintains sufficient air flow to the stack, but also facilitates reduced stack size by increasing the inlet air density and eases the humidification process by increasing intake air temperature. Water in the residual air is separated by a condenser before being discharged to the outside of the module. The heat generated by the stack is removed by a cooling module, which comprises a water tank, a water pump and a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger transfers the heat to chilled water or sea water outboard [62]. The temperature of the cooling water at the stack inlet isPDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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