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Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 33 Sustainability 2021, 13, 1213 residual air is separated by a condenser before being discharged to the outside of the13mofo3d4- ule. The heat generated by the stack is removed by a cooling module, which comprises a water tank, a water pump and a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger transfers the heat to chilled water or sea water outboard [62]. The temperature of the cooling water at the stack controlled by adjusting the flow of the chilled water and at the stack outlet is regulated by inlet is controlled by adjusting the flow of the chilled water and at the stack outlet is reg- adjusting the flow of the cooling water through the stack [26]. ulated by adjusting the flow of the cooling water through the stack [26]. Pressure regulator Purge valve M Humidifier Filter Electricity Fuel cell module PEMFC stack Blower Water spray Water separator Water draw off Water Heat pump exchanger Water tank Hydrogen storage Purge gas Air IN Air OUT Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) module. Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) module. Chilled water As for HT-PEMFC, there is no need for strict water management, but thermal man- As for HT-PEMFC, there is no need for strict water management, but thermal man- agement is required for the fuel cell stack. Coolant oil is commonly used for the coolant agement is required for the fuel cell stack. Coolant oil is commonly used for the coolant fluid instead of water since the operating temperature is 140–200 ◦C. This higher operating fluid instead of water since the operating temperature is 140–200 °C. This higher operating temperature opens up the possibility of incorporating a WHR system to enhance energy temperature opens up the possibility of incorporating a WHR system to enhance energy efficiency. For instance, thermally activated absorption chillers directly utilize the heat efficiency. For instance, thermally activated absorption chillers directly utilize the heat of of the hot coolant exiting the fuel cell stack, and the low temperature coolant exiting the the hot coolant exiting the fuel cell stack, and the low temperature coolant exiting the absorption chiller is fed back to the fuel cell to repeat the process. The components of absorption chiller is fed back to the fuel cell to repeat the process. The components of the the absorption chiller refrigeration cycle include a generator, absorber, condenser and absorption chiller refrigeration cycle include a generator, absorber, condenser and evap- evaporator [63]. The total system efficiency is claimed as being up to 87% depending on orator [63]. The total system efficiency is claimed as being up to 87% depending on the the operational mode. operational mode. 3.2. MCFC Modules 3.2. MCFC Modules 3.2.1. Overview 3.2.1. Overview MCFC is a potential alternative to conventional marine power plants due to its high efficiency and power capacity. As discussed in Section 2.3.3, when NG, methanol and liquid MCFC is a potential alternative to conventional marine power plants due to its high hydrocarbons are used as fuels for a MCFC, an external reforming or internal reforming efficiency and power capacity. As discussed in Section 2.3.3, when NG, methanol and liq- unit is required. Moreover, a WHR system is commonly employed and the overall system uid hydrocarbons are used as fuels for a MCFC, an external reforming or internal reform- efficiency could be more than 80% [64]. The layout of a MCFC module can exhibit a number ing unit is required. Moreover, a WHR system is commonly employed and the overall of different configurations depending on the required design parameters [65]. system efficiency could be more than 80% [64]. The layout of a MCFC module can exhibit (i) An atmospheric system or a pressurized system. An atmospheric MCFC system a number of different configurations depending on the required design parameters [65]. operates at a near ambient pressure. However, a pressurized MCFC system is designed to (i) An atmospheric system or a pressurized system. An atmospheric MCFC system operate at an elevated pressure, where the pressurized oxidant is delivered to the MCFC operates at a near ambient pressure. However, a pressurized MCFC system is designed to and the exiting gas is at a pressure of 3–4 bar. The pressurized MCFC system is more operate at an elevated pressure, where the pressurized oxidant is delivered to the MCFC competitive due to higher efficiency and increased power density. and the exiting gas is at a pressure of 3–4 bar. The pressurized MCFC system is more (ii) A standalone system or a hybrid system. A standalone MCFC system means that competitive due to higher efficiency and increased power density. the MCFC stack is the only component outputting the electrical power. However, the (ii) A standalone system or a hybrid system. A standalone MCFC system means that electrical or mechanical work of a hybrid MCFC system is output by both the MCFC stack the MCFC stack is the only component outputting the electrical power. However, the elec- and the expander used for WHR purposes. The standalone MCFC system is simple and trical or mechanical work of a hybrid MCFC system is output by both the MCFC stack reliable. However, the hybrid MCFC system has significant advantages for large-scale applications because the highly exothermic electrochemical reaction and high operating temperature make it suitable for driving a bottoming cycle (Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle or a tri-generation system for the cooling, heat and power demands of a ship). Conse-PDF Image | Fuel Cell Power Systems for Maritime Applications
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