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Energies 2020, 13, 420 25 of 96 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 95 FigFuigruere101.0.(a()a)SSchcheemeeooffaapphhoottoellectrochemicallcelll..RReperpinritnedtedfrofrmom[30[300];0](;b)(bI)lluIlslturastrioantionf oaf a phpohtoetolecletrcotrcohcehmemiciaclacleclell.l.RReeprriinttedwithpermissionffrrom[[330044].]. An alternative technology solution is the design of photocatalytic reactors with a single or a dual An alternative technology solution is the design of photocatalytic reactors with a single or a dual elecltercotlryotley-tfie-lflieldledbebdecdoncotanitnaiingincgolcloilldoaidlsaulspuesnpseinosniosnosfpohfopthoosetonseitnisvietivsemsiecmonicdouncdtuocrtporowpodwerdse[r3s05]. [30T5]h.e overall reaction is [306]: The overall reaction is [306]: HO+2hv→1O +H 21222 (41) 2 (41) ΔG = +237 kJ/mol (BG ≥ 1.23 eV/e−) This reaction could be split into the following intermediate steps: This reaction could be split into the following intermediate steps: − + TiTOiO +22hhv→ 2e +2p TTitiatnainuimumoxoidxeidexeceitxactiiotnatbioynphboytopnhsotons (4(24)2) 2 HO+2hv→ O+H − ∆G = +237 kJ/mol (BG ≥ 1.23 eV/e ) H O + 2p → O + 2H Water oxidation at the photo-electrode under acidic conditions (43) +1+ H2O+2p →2O2+2H Wateroxidationatthephoto−electrodeunderacidicconditions (43) 2OH + 2p → O + HO OH- oxidation at the photo-electrode under alkaline conditions (44) 2OH− + 2p+ → 1 O2 + H2O OH− oxidation at the photo − electrode under alkaline conditions (44) 2+ 2H + 2e → H H ions reduction at the counter-electrode under acidic conditions (45) 2H+ + 2e− → H2 H + ions reduction at the counter − electrode under acidic conditions (45) 2HO + 2e → H + 2OH H2O reduction at the counter-electrode under alkaline conditions (46) 2H2O + 2e− → H2 + 2OH− H2O reduction at the counter − electrode under alkaline conditions (46) The chemical composition of the photocatalyst is not changed if an equal number of electrons The chemical composition of the photocatalyst is not changed if an equal number of electrons and and holes are generated and consumed for water splitting or for recombination [300]. holes are generated and consumed for water splitting or for recombination [300]. The minimum potential required for the splitting of water molecules is 1.229 eV that corresponds The minimum potential required for the splitting of water molecules is 1.229 eV that corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 1100 nm. However, the practical potential of the bandgap is higher to a wavelength of approximately 1100 nm. However, the practical potential of the bandgap is higher (1.6–2.0 eV) to overcome losses and overpotential [302]. The lowest energy level of the conduction (1.6–2.0 eV) to overcome losses and overpotential [302]. The lowest energy level of the conduction band band has to be more negative than the reduction potential of water to produce H2. Moreover, the hahsitgohebsetmenoeregynelegvaetlivofettheavnatlhenecreebdauncdtihoansptotbeenmtiaolreofpwosaitievrettohapnrothdeuocxeiHdat.ioMnoproetoenvteira,ltohfewhaitgehrest 2 enteorgpyroldeuvceelOof2(tsheevFaigleunrece11b)a[n30d7]h.astobemorepositivethantheoxidationpotentialofwaterto produce O2 (see Figure 11) [307].PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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