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Energies 2020, 13, 420 49 of 96 natural gas can be stored on-board for vehicle application or injected in the natural gas grid and then burned or used in fuel cells. The fuel storage provides a high energy density, large size, and long-term storage capacity. The injection of synthetic fuels into the gas network is a possible pathway to overcome the problem of not only temporal but also spatial discrepancies between the power supplied by intermittent and distributed renewable energy sources and the power requested by the loads. Combustion and reaction in fuel cells reconvert the energy stored in the chemical bond of fuel molecules into thermal or electrical energy, respectively. 5.1. Gas Quality and Interchangeability The quality and composition of the gas injected into the natural gas grid are subject to restrictions imposed by national standards due to safety and technological issues. The gas quality specifications are established for the safe operation of domestic appliances, such as the prevention of carbon monoxide emission, the continuity of pilot flame and the reliability of burner flames, and the minimization of emissions and particulates. Furthermore, the gas composition also impacts on chemical processes, combustion efficiency, NOx emissions, and gas transport [624]. Thus, the transition from natural gas to hydrogen transport in the gas grid requires the compatibility with high pressure and distribution network and end-user appliances [625]. However, the gas quality specifications are different across the European Union [626]. The inhomogeneities of gas grid injection European legislation is a critical issue for cross-border gas transport. Therefore, the European Commission has commissioned projects for the harmonization of the gas grid injection normative [627]. The EASEE-gas (European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange-gas) establishes and promotes standard natural gas quality specification at cross-border points in Europe, recommends gas quality parameters, parameter ranges and implementation plans [628]. The gas quality specifications proposed in the EASEE-gas Common Business Practice 2005-001/02 are summarized in Table 1. The adaptation to the new directives could affect appliances efficiency and emissions and transport capacity of the gas network. Table 1. Gas quality specification at standard conditions recommended by EASEE-gas (European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange-gas) in the CBP (Common Business Practice) 2005-001/02. Parameter Wobbe index Relative density Total sulfur H2S and COS RSH O2 CO2 Water dew point Hydrocarbon dew point Unit MJ/m3 m3/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mol % mol % ◦C at 70 bar ◦C at 1–70 bar Value 48.96 ÷ 56.92 0.555 ÷ 0.700 30 5 6 0.001 2.5 −8 −2 Given the substantial difference between hydrogen and methane that is the main natural gas component (Table 2), the admixture of hydrogen and natural gas discloses some critical issues for end-use applications. Nevertheless, technological solutions are available to overcome most of these problems. Indeed, blending the hydrogen into natural gas, several admixture properties are modified such as the Wobbe index, density, net calorific value and combustion air [629].PDF Image | Green Synthetic Fuels
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