PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Polymers 2021, 13, 1258 2 of 13 because of the water absorbed into the membrane by hydration [1]. Thus, the structure of the ionic channel network, which exhibits morphological change, is directly related to proton conductivity. Understanding the morphological structure of Nafion is as important as developing novel membranes. This is because the ability of proton movement to mirror morphological structures such as the ionic channel network is the essential function of proton exchange membranes. Since the 1980s, many research groups have attempted to understand the morphological structure of Nafion [2–4]. Gierke et al. introduced a cluster-network model of Nafion based on small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering measure- ments [5]. According to this model, the ionic channel network is formed by the hydration of ionic clusters, which under dry conditions consist of sulfonic acid groups in a semicrys- talline matrix. These ionic clusters are 4 nm diameter spheres in an inverted micellar structure, with a narrow 1 nm channel connecting each cluster. The ionic channel network becomes more widely interconnected as water uptake in the Nafion increases, and the structure becomes more complex as protons move through the network. The most recent of these is Klaus and Chen’s cylindrical water channel model [6], based on simulation studies conducted using existing scattering data. According to Klaus and Chen, cylindrical crystal- lites of 2–5 nm and cylindrical water channels with a radius of 2–3 nm are formed in the polymer matrix. Each cylindrical water channel increases in size as the volume of water in Nafion increases, and the existence of cylindrical crystallites contributes to the mechanical strength of Nafion. Despite numerous studies on the morphology of Nafion, the structure of the ionic channel network and the proton transport mechanism are still unclear. The morphology of Nafion changes depending on the synthesis process [7]. The morphology varies under hydration and dehydration. In a Nafion-based composite membrane, the morphology is varied with wt% and by using different types of pillar materials [8]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can map a specimen’s surface with nanoscale res- olution without damage, by using a vibrating tip technique. In addition, it can measure various physical properties such as mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties by using the extended mode [9–11]. AFM has been widely used for understanding the morpho- logical characteristics of the proton exchange membrane. Typically, this membrane has a charged/uncharged domain, and its phase separation characteristic is crucial for under- standing its characteristics. Thus, conductive AFM techniques, such as electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), current sensing atomic force microscopy, or Kelvin probe microscopy, have attracted attention as efficient means of studying proton exchange membranes. Nu- merical approaches have been proposed for understanding the morphology of proton exchange membranes; in these, the local charge density and dielectric constant are based on AFM measurements. Thus far, several current-sensing AFM and EFM studies have been conducted [12–15]. The technique of EFM has great potential for understanding the surface electrical characteristics. It is widely used in studies of the surface charge distribution and dielectric constant of locally charged materials [16–19]. In EFM, the local charge distribution appears as a phase lag value distribution. For extracting detailed information from the measure- ments, the decoding process from the recorded phase lag value is required. However, this is difficult because the phase lag occurs owing to the net electrostatic force, which is the summation of all Columbic forces between the tip and the sample surface. Thus, an analytical model is required for EFM measurements, and many models have been suggested. Mélin et al. [16] developed an analytical model for estimating the amount of charge stored on a surface using EFM. They assumed that the tip and sample surface created a parallel-plate capacitor; further, they determined the force gradient of stored charge and dipole–dipole interaction due to the electric field between the tip and the sample surface. By calculating the ratio, the amount of stored charge was derived. Further, they extended this model to consider the tip and sample surface with other capacitor shapes. Han et al. [17] studied the movement and diffusion of natural and injected charges using EFM to understand the interface of a nano-dielectric. They analyzed EFM imagesPDF Image | Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrostatics
PDF Search Title:
Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane ElectrostaticsOriginal File Name Searched:
polymers-13-01258-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)