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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hydrogen fuel cell concept [9]. ..................................................................... 26 Figure 1.2 Comparison between the thermal fuel cell efficiency and the Carnot efficiency [9]..................................................................................................................28 Figure 1.3 Tafel plots for slow and fast electrochemical reactions [9]...........................30 Figure 1.4 Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)[12]...................................................................31 Figure 1.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell PAFC [14] .......................................................... 33 Figure 1.6 Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) [15] ........................................................................34 Figure 1.7 Hydrogen Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) [16] .............35 Figure 1.8 Five types fuel cell anode and cathode reaction temperatures [16]...............36 Figure 1.9 Anode and cathode reaction at DMFC [20]...................................................38 Figure 1.10 Fuel cell theoretical efficiency and losses [9]..............................................40 Figure 1.11 Crossover cell voltage at different feed concentration vs output current density in DMFC [23] ..................................................................................................... 44 Figure 1.12 Methanol Permeability at different temperature in DMFC [28]..................46 Figure 2.1 Zeolite framework charge [33] ...................................................................... 51 Figure 2.2 Basic zeolite framework, (a) TO4 tetrahedron (b) TO4 tetrahedra sharing common oxygen [33] ......................................................................................................52 Figure 2.3 schematic process of sulfonated mordenite [93] ...........................................57 Figure 2.4 Graphene oxide structures model [99]...........................................................59 Figure 2.5 Binding layer in membrane electrode assembly anode side..........................72 Figure 3.1 Schematic represents Bragg’s law equation on diffraction of X-ray beam from crystal lattice [149].................................................................................................74 Figure 3.2 Schematic drawing of x-ray diffraction [150] .............................................. 75 Figure 3.3 Schematic of a scanning electron microscope [151] .....................................77 Figure 3.4 Schematic SEM photon formation [151].......................................................78 Figure 3.5 BET surface area isotherm types [154] .........................................................80 Figure 3.6 Interferograms peak and spectrum peak of FTIR [155] ................................81 Figure 3.7 FTIR schematic [155]....................................................................................82 Figure 3.8 Zetasizer nano series analyser [156]..............................................................84 Figure 3.9 Frequency response analyzer (FRA) in fuel cell [159]..................................85 Figure 3.10 Example of Nyquist plot of impedance spectroscopy in fuel cell system [158] ................................................................................................................................ 87 Figure 3.11 Fuel crossover example in DMFC...............................................................88 Figure 3.12 Experimental data of methanol crossover in DMFC via LSV method. This run was made at 70°C fuel cell temperature and 1.0 M methanol concentration at anode and nitrogen gas at cathode.............................................................................................89 Figure 3.13 Direct methanol fuel cell internal parts .......................................................91 Figure 3.14 Graphite plate channel in DMFC.................................................................92 Figure 3.15 DMFC electric connection parts used in experiment ..................................93 Figure 3.16 DMFC mechanical parts used in experiment...............................................93 Figure 3.17 Direct methanol cell schematic flow system ............................................... 94 Figure 3.18 Standard membrane electrode assembly layers used in as based line in DMFC .............................................................................................................................95 Figure 3.19 Standard anode electrode layers assemble for DMFC.................................96 Sirhan AL-Batty Page 7PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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