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Figure 3.20 Carbon ink preparation steps for gas diffusion layer fabrication ................97 Figure 3.21 GDL sintered temperature profile in the muffle furnace.............................98 Figure 3.22 Modified binding layer with/without inorganic filler in standard electrode assembly ........................................................................................................................ 100 Figure 3.23 Nafion 117 membrane activation process for DMFC before the hot press. ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Figure 3.24 Homemade anode electrode placed on stainless still plate before the hot press process..................................................................................................................102 Figure 3.25 SEM and EDX of Raw Carbon Black ....................................................... 103 Figure 3.26 Distribution of particle size of carbon black before and after pre-treatment ....................................................................................................................................... 104 Figure 3.27 Experimental work approach for standard MEA and mordenite modified binding layer..................................................................................................................105 Figure 3.28 general formula of silane coupling agent [165].........................................108 Figure 3.29 Illustration of surface modification of mordenite with silane coupling agent [133] .............................................................................................................................. 109 Figure 3.30 Schematic of silane coupling agent grafted on the surface of mordenite mechanism [165]...........................................................................................................110 Figure 3.31 Distribution of particle size of Mordenite before and after Ball Milling Process ..........................................................................................................................112 Figure 3.32 Grafting Method of H-MOR......................................................................113 Figure 3.33 Polarization curves and power densities curves of mordenite composite MEA using two silane coupling agaents at 70°C operating tempeature and 1.0 M methanol concentration in DMFC.................................................................................115 Figure 3.34 Schematic sulfonation of mordenite surface .............................................116 Figure 3.35 XRD of Sulfonated Mordenite using (MPTS)...........................................118 Figure 3.36 SEM and EDX of SULFO-MOR grafted via (MPTS) (a) before sulfonation (b) and (c) after sulfonation...........................................................................................119 Figure 3.37 FTIR of 0.5 wt% functionalized mordenite and 0.5 wt% sulfonated mordenite....................................................................................................................... 121 Figure 3.38 Modified Hummer’s method of graphene oxide .......................................122 Figure 3.39 Prepared graphene oxide washed with hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid ....................................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 3.40 Schematic of graphene oxide exfoliation in water by sonication .............. 123 Figure 3.41 Modified binding layer with graphene flakes at the barrier layer of anode electrode in membrane electrode assembly...................................................................124 Figure 3.42 Graphene oxide X-ray diffraction..............................................................125 Figure4.1 PolarizationcurvesandpowerdensitycurvesofDMFCperformancefora standard MEA. A 1.0 M methanol feed and operating temperatures between 40°C and 70°C were used .............................................................................................................129 Figure 4.2 Orders of the three layers (gas diffusion layer, catalyst layer, and binding layer) in the membrane electrode assembly and the location of the modified binding layer at anode electrode in DMFC ................................................................................ 131 Figure 4.3 Extracted power densities peaks of standard MEA and F-MOR MEAs modified binding layer loadings (0.25wt % to 1.0wt %) in DMFC at different operating temperatures and 1.0 M methanol feed.........................................................................133 Figure 4.4 Extracted power densities peaks of standard MEA and F-MOR MEAs modified binding layer MEA loadings (0.25wt % to 1.0wt %) in DMFC at different operating temperatures and 2 M methanol feed............................................................134 Sirhan AL-Batty Page 8PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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