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Background In reality these values, max voltage and max efficiency, cannot be achieved due to change in the equilibrium potential of an electrochemical reaction such as activation losses, ohmic losses, concentration losses, and fuel cell crossover. Activation losses: These losses are due to the slowness of the reactions taking place on the surface of the electrodes. Some of the potential created is used in driving the chemical reaction. In fuel cells which operate at medium and low temperature, the activation overvoltage causes voltage drop and mainly occurs at the cathode. In fuel cells which operate at high temperatures, the voltage drop due to the activation losses can be neglected. In DMFCs, which usually operate at 70Β°C, the voltage drop is related to the current density (i) by the following equation: βπ£πππ‘ = π΄ ππ(π Γ· π) (1.28) Where, π: πΆπ’πππππ‘ ππππ ππ‘π¦ π΄/ππ2 A and b are constants. Equation 1.28 shows the relation between voltage and current density. Therefore, increasing the current density can boost the fuel cell performance through the voltage. There are some factors that can increase the current density at the cathode mainly for those fuel cells which do not require high operating temperatures. These factors are: ο· Pressure ο· Temperatures ο· Using different metals for the catalyst. ο· Increasing the concentration of reactant (e.g. methanol and oxygen) ο· Changing the morphology of the materials such as the surface area Ohmic losses: In a DC circuit, the voltage equals current multiplied by resistance. V = I R. The losses here are due to the resistance to the flow of electrons through the material of the electrodes and the resistance to the flow of ions (protons) through the electrolyte. In addition to these two major ohmic losses, external wires have their own resistivity. The ohmic losses vary with the fuel cell operating temperature due to the metals Sirhan AL-Batty Page 41PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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