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Literature review The typical zeolite pore ring size can vary between small, medium and large depending on the pore openings and diameter ranges. Eight - ring pores with a diameter between 3.5-4.5A has been classified as small pore zeolite. The medium pore zeolite has ten rings with a diameter between 4.5-6.0A and the large pore zeolite has a twelve ring with a diameter between 6.0-8AΜ [48, 49]. 2.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties of Zeolites Ion exchange is one of the most significant properties in zeolites. Each zeolite type has a limit in exchanging ions. In general, ion exchange capacity is the total amount of ions taken up per gram of ion exchanger under specific conditions [33]. The ion exchange takes place in zeolite is due to the weak bond of (alkali and alkaline) cations often called exchangeable cations, in the structure of the zeolites. These lightly bonded cations are ready to exchange when zeolites are in interaction with solutions containing saturating ions [50, 51]. The exchange reaction between a zeolite and an ionic solution is described as ππππππππ΄π+πͺπ¨π» + πΊππππππππ΄π+πͺπ¨π» β ππππππππ΄π+πͺπ¨π» + πΊππππππππ΄π+πͺπ¨π» Where, Mz+CAT is the exchangeable cation present in zeolite Z Ms+CAT is the saturating ion in solution [52, 53]. The framework of zeolite consists of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra, which are connected to each other by oxygen atoms in common. Zeolite carries negative electric charge due to the presences of aluminium in the framework. This charge is balanced by existence of the alkali and alkaline earth cations in the channels of the zeolite framework; these ions behave as counterions and can be ready for cations exchange [54- 57]. Ion exchange is one of the methods used in modifying the adsorption and catalytic properties of zeolites [54]. In addition, industrial wastewater and municipal usually treated, by removing toxic substances and heavy metals, via Ion exchange methods [54, 55]. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 53PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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