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Literature review 2.2.9.1 High temperature calcination: High temperature calcination used to remove templates which have been introduced during the syntheses of zeolite. Generally, organic materials get oxidized and thus decompose during the high temperature calcination to water and carbon dioxide. Moreover, calcining the zeolite at higher temperature improves the thermal and duration stability of the framework [74-76]. Lu et al.[75], indicates that in n- butane cracking reaction, the zeolite which has been used as a catalyst was more stable after high temperature of calcination. However, high temperature calcination may affect the crystallinity of the zeolite and framework charge balance. Calcination of zeolite at higher temperature and low ramp rate is a useful approach in maintaining the zeolite crystallinity when removing organic guest from the framework [75-79]. 2.2.9.2 Cation exchange in zeolite Zeolites have been widely used due to their cation exchange properties. Also, cation exchange is one of the common methods used in modification or the surface and the channels of the zeolite. Generally, when zeolite cation exchange with alkaline earth metals the pore size of the zeolite varies. As a result of that, zeolite possesses a new adsorption and catalytic properties [54]. The ability to cation exchange rate in modifying zeolite can be affected by many factors. Some of these common factors are alkaline ion size, cation concentration, pH and temperature. However, cation exchange capacity is higher with low Si/Al ration type zeolite [33, 39, 78, 80]. 2.2.9.3 External surface modification of zeolite Zeolites have been widely used due to the accessible internal surface area and therefore, many studies have been carried out to modify the surface of the zeolite with novel properties [81, 82]. External surface modification can be carried out by silylation methods. This method is carried out by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of silane agents. The silane is contains a hydroxyl functional group (C–O–H) which interacts with the hydroxyl groups on the zeolite external surface. Using CVD technique followed by calcination, researchers were able to narrow the pore openings of the Sirhan AL-Batty Page 56PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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