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Literature review zeolite via depositing silane agents on the channel opening and outer surface of zeolite to enhance purification and separation properties [83-85]. Zeolites with low/medium Si/Al ratio have some limits when it interacts with polymer matrix due to their hydrophilicity properties. Grafting zeolite with a silane agent can improve the interface between inorganic-polymer hybrid materials (mordenite and Nafion) leading to better interfacial adhesion and interactions between both phases. To achieve this, modification of zeolite surface with silane can change the surface nature of the zeolite from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In addition, silylation of zeolite affect the pore volume. However, silane agents have been taken into consideration due to their cost [86-89]. 2.2.9.4 Sulfonation of zeolite Attaching a sulfonic acid group to the surface of a zeolite is known as sulfonation (sulphonation). One of the unique properties of Nafion is proton conductivity. This may attribute to the presence of the attached sulfonic acid group in Nafion in which a proton can hop from one acid site to another [90]. Applying the same approach in inorganic filler (e.g. zeolite) composite membranes may improve proton conductivity, thus improving fuel cell efficiency. Sulfonated zeolites can retain water molecules in their cavities especially at relatively high temperature. In addition, it increases the conductivity of the zeolite itself [90]. Some other acids such as poly acrylic acid have been attached to zeolite surface which have also been reported as potential methanol barriers without affecting their proton conductivity with reduced methanol permeability [91-93]. The following figure shows a simple schematic of grafting sulfonic group on the surface of zeolite after mixing with sulfuric acid (1.0 M) for overnight using silane coupling agent. Figure 2.3 schematic process of sulfonated mordenite [93] Sirhan AL-Batty Page 57PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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