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Literature review the stacked layers is van der Waals attraction which is weak enough to allow separation of these layers from each other. Chemical exfoliation has been used in order to increase the distance (d-spacing) between these layers by extending the oxidation process. It was found during the oxidation of graphite, the d-spacing increased from 0.3nm to 0.7 nm [107] due to the bonding of the functional group with the graphite which indicates a weakness in the van der Waals force, thus benefits the exfoliation of GO layers. In addition to the above chemical exfoliation, a liquid immersion technique has been also used in order to detach GO layers. Common solvents used in liquid immersion techniques are dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP). Thermal exfoliation benefits from the build-up of pressure taking placing during the heating process. Once the accumulated pressure (result from the gases by decomposition of functional group) exceeds the van der Waals attraction, exfoliation occurs. This technique is useful due to the time (takes place in few seconds) and produces a dry graphene oxide. Mechanical exfoliations such as ultra-sonication, shaking and stirring are the most common method. During the sonication, the GO separated from the bulk material by shear force noting that harsh sonication can fracture the GO sheet. All of the above exfoliation techniques are used depending on the process and the application of the GO. One unique method of exfoliating graphene was discovered by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in which they used sticky tape to peal the layer of graphene from graphite [108]. To summarize the three common methods of preparing graphene oxide, Brodie’s method was highly oxidized with less sulfur contamination and the preparation time was around a week. Staudenmaier’s graphene oxide was full oxidized, but the preparation time is longer than Brodie. Finally, Hummers’s graphene oxide was prepared with less preparation time (~2 hours) at low temperature but with less oxidation [109]. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 61PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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