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Literature review 2.3.3 Graphene Oxide Properties The properties of graphene oxide depend on the method of preparation and functional groups. Graphene oxide possesses interesting mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Due to the sp2 bonding network, graphene oxide is a poor electrical conductor [110, 111]. To restore the electric properties, graphene oxide goes through a reduction process. The reduction to graphene eliminates the functional group leading to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which is useful in lithium batteries, capacitors, and other applications [111]. However, in the field of fuel cell, the acidic functional group on the surface of graphene oxide can enhance the proton transport (hopping of protons) from anode to cathode through the electrolyte [112]. The functional groups make graphene oxide a hydrophilic material which makes it disperse in most polar solvents like water. Moreover, the hydrophilicity in graphene oxide can retain water thus, serves the water management in the fuel cell [113]. It has been reported that the water up take of Nafion/GO composite membrane was ~ 33% higher (at 4.5 wt% GO content) than Nafion membrane [114]. In addition to the proton transportation properties of graphene oxide via the functional group, it can also act a methanol blocker. GO can increase the tortuosity thus reduce methanol permeability in PEMFC’s. Increasing the diffusion path (tortuosity) enhances the barrier properties in the fuel cell [115]. However, the barrier properties of graphene oxide composite membrane are a function of the interface, dispersion, and crystallinity of the polymer matrix. 2.4 Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Composite Membrane Nafion membranes show high proton conductivities when compared with other membranes such as polyether-ether ketone (PEEK). They also possess good chemical stability. However, the major drawback of the Nafion membrane in DMFC is the methanol permeability (by diffusion and/or electroosmotic drag ;osmosis under the influence of an electric field) which can drop the fuel cell efficiency by causing mixed potential at the cathode and poisoning the platinum catalyst at the cathode. In addition, the proton conductivity of Nafion drops when exceeding 100°C due to the dehydration Sirhan AL-Batty Page 62PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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