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Literature review Nafion membrane 0.94 S.cm-3.s-1. Caien et al claimed that the improvement in the proton conductivity at low relative humidity was due to the improvement in the water retention property of the GO composite membrane [141]. The electrochemical performance of DMFC was found to be better by Jiang et al [142] when mixing different weight percentage of GO with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) to form GO composite membrane. In their study, they compared GO composite membrane with commercial Nafion 112 and 115. They concluded that the ion exchange capacity of GO composite membrane was increased as well as the water up take. The power density of the GO composite membrane was 72.2 mW/cm2 which is 38% higher than that of Nafion 112 membrane and 17% higher than that of Nafion 115 [142]. These results are promising and show that graphene oxide is suitable inorganic filler used with Nafion to incorporate GO flakes with Nafion solution to form a GO binding layer for the anode electrode. In order to achieve the objective of this work, GO need to be mixed (blending) with Nafion 117 solution at different weight percentage of GO particles for the purpose of modifying the anode binding layer and to be tested in the DMFC to reduce methanol crossover and maintain good proton conductivity. The following section will discuss proton transport mechanism in DMFC. 2.7 Proton transportation in DMFC Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PRMFCs) like direction methanol fuel cell and hydrogen fuel cell uses polymer electrolyte membranes such as Nafion 117 which allow the generate proton at anode migrate toward the cathode. There are two proposed mechanisms of protons transport across the Nafion membrane. Grotthuss mechanism and Vehicular mechanism. In Grotthuss mechanism, the proton jumps (hopping) between neighboring sites, involving H9O4+ and H5O2+ cluster ions, of water molecules which is located in the Nafion channels driven by the electric field [143, 144]. As an alternative to this Grotthus mechanism is the vehicle mechanism in which the proton attach itself to a water molecule and diffuse toward the cathode [144]. Hwang et al supports that the contribution of Grotthuss mechanism is more than vehicle mechanism in the fuel cell [145]. In both mechanisms, the generated proton benefits Sirhan AL-Batty Page 68PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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