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Literature review from the presence of the water molecules within the Nafion to be transported from the anode to the cathode. However, as the water content in the Nafion is reduce, the Grotthuss mechanism becomes less, thus less proton conductivity takes place which reduce the fuel cell power density. Therefore, the fuel cell operating temperature, by evaporation, and the anode feed concentration can affect the water content within the Nafion which affects the proton conductivity in the fuel cell. 2.8 Effect of Methanol Crossover on Open Circuit Voltage The maximum theoretical open circuit value (OCV) of DMFC is 1.21 V at 25°C [9]. OCV is obtained when no load is applied to fuel cell. However, during the operation of the fuel cell, the maximum OCV is much lower due to the methanol crossover phenomena. Such crossover not only results in voltage drop, but also wastes the methanol fuel. The rate of methanol crossover through the Nafion membrane is measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and represented as a current density. Due to the crossover phenomena, the methanol will pass through the membrane and will oxidize at the cathode. When the applied voltage (introduced by LSV) is sufficient to oxidize the methanol at the cathode, a limiting current is obtained. The value of the limiting current is equal to the amount of methanol crossover through the Nafion membrane. On the other hand, the fuel cell operating parameters such as temperature and methanol concentration affect the fuel cell OCV. Qi et al found that the OCV of the fuel cell was 0.547 V at 40°C and 0.367 V at 80°C with 1 M concentration [146]. This indicates that the OCV decrease by increasing the fuel cell temperature. In their second experiment, they found that the OCV of the fuel cell was 0.601 V at 0.5 M and 0.471 at 1.0 M when operating the fuel cell at 60°C [146]. This also indicates that the OCV of the fuel cell decreases as the molar concentration of the feed increases. The change in OCV resulted from the amount of methanol crossover that oxidized at the cathode. When applying load, methanol reacts at the anode and some passes through the membrane and oxidized at the cathode resulting in an increase in fuel cell voltage. Sirhan AL-Batty Page 69PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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